Bipedalism references

Question 1

What reasons could Bipedalism exist with context to social behaviours and other non categorical reasons

Answer 1

Forelimb preemption for carrying infants ( Etkin, 1954)
Food (Lovejoy, 1981) 
Tools (Washburn, 1967)
Throwing tools (Fifer, 1987)
Social behaviors
Threat displays (Wescott, 1967)
Evasion (Reynolds,1931)
Vigilance (Dart, 1959)

Question 2

What reasons could bipedalism exist with context to foraging

Answer 2

Arboreal Gathering ( Hunt 1991)
Terrestrial Gathering(Dubrul, 1962)
Aquatic gathering (Hardy, 1960)
Terrestrial hunting (Geist 1978) 
Terrestrial scavenging (Szalay, 1975)

Question 3

Bipedalism more efficient in long distance foraging

Answer 3

Rodman and Mchenry (1980)

Question 4

Superior to quadruped locomotion with respect to thermoregulation, with high activity in hot environments

Answer 4

Wheeler(1984,1991)

Question 5

What was a key selective pressure in human bipedalism

Answer 5

Threat displays

Question 6

What theories don’t operate under current evidence and the fossil record

Answer 6

Food (Lovejoy, 1981)
Arboreal gathering (Hunt, 1991)

Question 7

What is human running

Answer 7

energy inefficent at high speeds

Question 8

Is the human running gait more or less efficient than a chimpanzees bipedal or quadrupedal gait

Answer 8

More

Question 9

It is as energy efficient as typical mammal quadrupedalism

Answer 9

Rodman & McHenry (2005)

Question 10

Bipedalism makes humans poor runners but apes fair just as poorly

Answer 10

Bramble & Lieberman (2004)

Question 11

What are humans good at locomotion wise

Answer 11

Endurance running

Question 12

Taylor et.al. (1982)

Answer 12

humans use 2x as much metabolic energy as a equal sized quadruped to run the same distance if sprinting

Question 13

What makes human poor sprinters

Answer 13

Less maneuverable during sprinting due to lack of adaptations such as claws to dig in the ground in and flexible spine

Question 14

Are all primates sufficient at endurance running

Answer 14

No humans are unique in this aspect

Question 15

What other mammals are adapted well for endurance running

Answer 15

Social carnivores such as Dogs, wolves, Hyenas ( Pennycuick, 1979)
Migratory ungulates such as Caribou, bison, Horses (Holekamp et.al. 200)

Question 16

what does cursorial mean

Answer 16

Adapted to run over long distances

Question 17

what muscle helps us run or walk on uneven ground

Answer 17

enlarged gluteus maximus