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APhA Complete Review for Pharmacy > Biotechnology and Pharmacogenomics > Flashcards

Biotechnology and Pharmacogenomics Flashcards

1
Q

biotechnology

A

the manipulation (as through genetic engineering) of living organisms or their components to produce useful usually commercial products (as pest resistant crops, new bacterial strains, or novel pharmaceuticals)

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2
Q

antibody (immunoglobulin)

A

A protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to Ag molecules determined to be non-self. They recognize and bind to Ag, resulting in their inactivation or opsonization for phagocytosis or complement-mediated destruction.

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3
Q

antigen

A

a molecule that elicits an Ab-mediated immune response

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4
Q

bioinformatics

A

the application of computer sciences and information technology to the management and analysis of biological information

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5
Q

biotherapy

A

any treatment involving the administration of a microorganism or other biologic material

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6
Q

clotting factor (blood factor)

A

chemical blood constituents that interact to cause blood coagulation

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7
Q

combinatorial chemistry

A

a drug development strategy that uses nucleic acids and amino acids in various combinations to synthesize vast libraries of oligonucleotide or peptide compounds for high-throughput lead compound screening

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8
Q

cytokine

A

an extracellular signaling protein that mediates communication between cells to orchestrate the immune response and activate immune cells, such as lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils

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9
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

a polynucleotide molecule consisting of covalently linked nucleic acids that serves as the genetic material

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10
Q

enzyme

A

a protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction

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11
Q

gene

A

a region of DNA that encodes a specific RNA or protein responsible for a specific hereditary characteristic

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12
Q

gene therapy

A

therapeutic technologies that directly target human genes responsible for disease

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13
Q

genome

A

the complete set of genetic information for a given organism

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14
Q

genomics

A

the scientific discipline of mapping, sequencing, and analyzing genomes

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15
Q

hormone

A

a chemical substance imparting specific cellular effects that is transmitted by the bloodstream to cells distant from its physiologic source

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16
Q

hybridoma

A

a cell line generated by the fusion of Ab-producing B lymphocytes with lymphocyte tumor cells for the production of monoclonal Ab

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17
Q

interferon

A

a member of a group of cytokines that prevents viral replication and slows the growth and replication of cancer cells

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18
Q

interleukin

A

a member of a group of cytokines involved in orchestration and regulation of the immune response

19
Q

liposome

A

a microscopic, sphere-like lipid droplet that functions as a therapeutic carrier

20
Q

monoclonal antibody

The first component of the name is product specific

The second component indicates its therapeutic use:
ci
li
tu

The third component indicates the type of monoclonal Ab:
mo
xi
zu

The fourth component, mab, represents monoclonal Ab

A

an Ab derived from a hybridoma cell line

Second component
ci=cardiovascular
li=inflammation
tu=cancer

Third component
mo=murine
xi=chimeric
zu=humanized

21
Q

pharmacogenomics

A

the scientific discipline of using genome-wide approaches to understand the inherited basis of differences between individuals in the response to drugs

22
Q

plasmid

A

a small, circular, extra chromosomal DNA molecule capable of replication independent of that of the genome

23
Q

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

a molecular biologic technique for amplification of specific DNA molecules

24
Q

protein

A

a functional product of a specific gene consisting of amino acids linked together through peptide bonds in a specific sequence

25
Q

proteomics

A

the scientific field of the study of sequencing and analyzing the expression, modification, and function of proteins on a genome-wide or global scale

26
Q

recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology

A

the application of DNA molecules derived by joining two DNA molecules from difference sources

27
Q

restriction endonuclease

A

an enzyme capable of cleaving a DNA molecule in a site-specific manner

28
Q

ribozymes

A

RNA molecules with intrinsic enzymatic activity

29
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

a polynucleotide molecule consisting of covalently linked ribonucleic acids

30
Q

What serves as the template for protein synthesis?

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

31
Q

What serves as the adaptor molecules between amino acids and mRNA during protein synthesis?

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

32
Q

What serves as a component of the ribosome and participates in protein synthesis?

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

33
Q

small molecule chemistry

A

the field of drug development focusing on small organic nucleotide- or peptide-based molecules derived through either combinatorial chemistry or rational drug design

34
Q

single nucleotide polymorphism

A

common DNA sequence variations among individuals involving a single nucleotide substitution

35
Q

vaccine

A

a preparation of antigenic material administered to stimulate the development of Ab conferring active immunity against a particular pathogen or disease

36
Q

What are the major macromolecular component of the cell and are responsible for conducting most of a cell’s biological activity?

A

proteins

37
Q

Why is the specific sequence of proteins so important?

A

It is responsible for a protein’s structure and function

38
Q

Where is the initial code for the synthesis of a given protein stored?

A

In a gene on a sequence of DNA that is part of a chromosome within the nucleus of a cell

39
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

DNA encodes RNA, which, in turn, encodes proteins

40
Q

What encodes amino acids within proteins?

A

codons

41
Q

What is a codon?

A

A triplet of nucleic acid base pairs within the gene encoding the protein

42
Q

expression vector

A

a plasmid designed to allow inducible expression of the inserted gene within a host cell

43
Q

What is the goal of gene therapy?

A

To repair or correct a dysfunctional gene by selectively introducing rDNA into cells or tissues, thereby allowing the expression of a functional gene product

APhA Complete Review for Pharmacy (3 decks)

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