Biotechnology And DNA Flashcards
What is biotechnology?
The manipulation of organisms or their genetic components to make useful products
Biotechnology encompasses techniques like genetic engineering and molecular biology.
What areas are affected by applications of DNA technology?
Agriculture, criminal law, medical research
DNA technology has diverse applications, influencing food production, forensic science, and healthcare advancements.
What does biotechnology include?
DNA technology
Biotechnology encompasses various techniques and methods, including those that manipulate DNA.
What is recombinant DNA?
DNA that comes from more than one source
Recombinant DNA technology allows scientists to combine DNA from different organisms.
What capability does recombinant DNA technology provide?
The ability to move DNA between organisms
This capability is fundamental to genetic engineering and various applications in medicine and agriculture.
What is gene cloning?
The process of making multiple identical copies of a gene of interest. Uses bacteria to make multiple copies of a single specific gene.
What are plasmids?
Plasmas are small, circular, DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome
How is recombinant DNA produced?
By inserting DNA segments into plasmids from two different sources
What is a recombinant plasmid and what can I do?
It is a genetically modified DNA segment that is a combination of one or more DNA sources. It can be inserted into a bacteria, which will then clone the plasmid.
What are the steps in gene cloning?
- the gene is inserted into plasmid (cloning vector)
- The plasma is put into bacterial cell.
- Host sell grown in culture to form a clone of cells containing the cloned gene of interest.
- The protein is harvested and is used for basic research in various applications.
Why do we use bacterial plasmas as cloning vectors?
They are readily obtained
Easily manipulate
Easily introduced into bacterial cell
Once in the bacteria, they multiply
What is a restriction enzyme?
An enzyme that cuts DNA molecules at specific DNA sequences called restriction sites
Can make many cuts which results in restriction fragments
What is DNA ligase?
An enzyme that seals bonds between restriction fragments
What is gel electrophoresis?
A process that allows visualization of DNA fragments
What is polymer gel?
A molecular sieve to separate a mixture of nucleic acids or proteins by size electrical charge or other properties
What does PCR stand for?
Polymerase chain reaction
What are the three steps of PCR?
- Denaturation. The DNA is heated to separate strands
- Annealing. Cooling of the DNA to allow primers to form bonds with Taq polymerase
- Extension DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the three prime end of each primer.
What is electroporation?
A pulse of electricity to create temporary holes in the plasma membrane
What is micro injection?
Inserting DNA into cells using microscopically, thin needles
How is mRNA identified?
With a nucleic acid probe. The probe is set to bond to complementary mRNA in the sample.
What is the crispr cas9 system?
A powerful new technique for gene editing in living cells and organisms.
Act together with a guide RNA and cuts proteins and can recognize any sequence can cause loss of function and gain a function changes to DNA
What is gain of function?
When DNA mutations are repaired
