Biotechnology Flashcards
A DNA ____ is a short sequence of single-stranded DNA that is labeled with an isotope or tag and that can bind to a complementary DNA region of interest.
probe
Order the following steps of the polymerase chain reaction, beginning with the first step at the top.
- Add target DNA, heat-stable DNA polymerase, primers, and nucleotides to reaction mixture. 2. Heat to separate strands of target DNA. 3. Cool to allow primer attachment. 4. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the primers and synthesize copies of the target DNA. 5. Heat and cool again to produce 4 copies of the target DNA. 6. Heat and cool again to produce 8 copies of the target DNA.
In what technology is a healthy gene added to a person’s cells to supplement the function of a faulty, disease-causing gene?
gene therapy
In this diagram of creating a transgenic plant using the Ti plasmid, match the letters to their correct labels.
A - Ti plasmid
B - Agrobacterium cell
C - gene for herbicide resistance
D - unaltered plant cell
E - transgenic plant cell
Select all of the traits that can be produced in transgenic plans.
- ability to tolerate viruses and harsh environments
- ability to tolerate herbicides
- ability to produce their own insecticides
The process of determining the order of DNA nucleotides in a stretch of DNA is called
DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing of the human genome revealed that about ____ of the human genome encodes protein.
1.5%
Select the portions of the noncoding human genome hat have functions for the cell.
1sequences that encode tRNA, rRNA, and microRNA
-sequences that control gene expression
PCR is a technique used to amplify trace amounts of ____ to be used in scientific and forensic analyses.
DNA
Select applications of the amplification of DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
- identify human remains
- establish family relationships
- amplify DNA samples for criminal investigations
One common way that scientists create transgenic plants is to use ____ to introduce genes into plant cells.
recombinant Ti plasmids
The fact that different species use the same genetic code measn that a(n) ____ from one organism can be transferred to and expressed by a different organism.
gene
During the construction of recombinant DNA, the source DNA is inserted into a ____, a small circle of double-stranded DNA that can carry DNA into a recipient cell.
plasmid
Put the steps of DNA profiling in order from first to last.
- Extract DNA from a person’s cells
- Use PCR to amplify sequences at STR sites
- Use florescence imaging to determine the number of repeats
- Compare STR variants to population databases
A(n) ____ enzyme is a type of protein that can cut double-stranded DNA at specific base sequences.
restriction
Desirable traits that already occur in a population become more common with
selective breeding
____ inserts desirable traits into a population.
Genetic engineering
The manipulation of genes for practical purposes, such as medicine, agriculture, or criminal justice, is called
DNA technology
How can parents determine if their growing fetus or newborn carries a disease-causing allele?
genetic testing
Order the steps for using a DNA probe to indicate the presence of a disease allele, beginning with the first step at the top.
- Synthesize a probe, a single-stranded piece of DNA that is complementary to part of a disease allele.
- Label the probe with a radioactive isotope or fluorescent tag.
- Immobilize the single-stranded source DNA and expose it to the probe.
- The probe will bind to any complementary strands in the immobilized source DNA.
- Areas that exhibit radioactivity or fluorescence indicate the presence of the disease allele In the source DNA.
What type of organism is one that receives and expresses recombinant DNA?
transgenic
Select all the ways that genetic testing can be used in adults.
- test for presence of a disease allele common in family
- test for alleles that code for targets of disease therapy
- indicate if individuals are heterozygous carriers for disease alleles
Select all of the following that are required for the first-generation DNA sequencing method.
- normal nucleotides
- primers
- DNA polymerase
- terminator nucleotides
Select all of the following that are components of CRISPR-Cas9 technology.
- guide RNA that binds to specific complementary DNA
- enzyme that cuts DNA
- editing of genes to change the nucleotide sequence
List the steps used to create a transgenic organism in order.
- Acquire source DNA and cloning vector
- Cut source and vector DNA with the same restriction enzyme
- Mix donor DNA and vector DNA together
- Insert recombinant DNA into recipient cells
The probability that two unrelated individuals have the same pattern of STR variants at all 13 sites is one in
250 trillion
Select all of the following that correctly describe the structure and function of DNA.
- DNA is a double helix of nucleotides
- DNA encodes a cell’s proteins
- DNA is copied before a cell divides
Plasmid and donor DNA that is cut with the same restriction enzyme can have complementary ____ that can base pair with each other and be sealed by ligase.
sticky ends
What refers to DNA that has been spliced together from multiple organisms?
recombinant DNA
What DNA technology method has extremely limited medical use due to the many risks for the patient?
gene therapy
Select all of the following that are applications of DNA technology.
- study evolutionary relationships among species
- modify crop plants to be insect-resistant
- manipulate gene expression to treat diseases
In biotechnology, the process of analyzing variable parts of a genome to detect genetic differences between individuals is called
DNA profiling
Select pharmaceuticals that can be produced using transgenic bacteria.
- insulin
- fertility hormones
- blood clotting factors
Select all of the following that are components of preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
- In vitro fertilization
- A cell from the embryo
- PCR
- A DNA probe
Select aspects of gene transfer therapy that differ from the process of creating a transgenic organism.
- Gene therapy patients do not pass the gene on to their offspring.
- In gene therapy, inserted genes are from the same type of organism.
The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis produces ____ that is toxic to insects and can be inserted into plants using recombinant DNA.
Bt protein
Select all of the portential ethical issues in using genetic testing.
- PGD is expensive and may only be possible for the wealthy
- Parents may use genetic testing to select for desirable traits in embryos
- Tests that reveal a high risk of cancer may cause anxiety or depression
Select all of the following that can be sources of DNA used to create a transgenic organism.
- plant
- bacterium
- animal
What technology allows researchers to edit, remove, or turn off specific genes in the genome of an organism?
CRISPR-Cas9
Select all the diseases that are caused by mutated alleles of genes and that can be detected and possibly treated using DNA technology.
- cystic fibrosis
- sickle cell disease
- hemophilia
- Tay-Sachs disease
Transgenic organisms are designed to
express the protein product of the recombinant DNA
The first step in creating a transgenic organism is to
synthesize or extract source DNA
Select ways that the cloning vector with recombinant DNA can be inserted into a recipient cell.
- using gene guns to shoot DNA-coated pellets into cells
- allowing a virus containing teh DNA to infect a recipient cell
- packaging recombinant DNA into a membrane bubble that fuses with the recipient cell membrane
- opening the recipient bacterial cell with electricity
The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens infects plants with the ____, which can carry new genes into plant cells.
Ti plasmid
To produce a ____, recombinant DNA is typically packed into a virus that can then infect a gamete or a fertilized egg.
transgenic animal
Select all the applications of transgenic animals.
- provide a model for disease development
- increase yield for human consumption
- production of human proteins in the milk of farm animals
Select all of the following that are ethical concerns associated with the use of transgenic organisms.
- replacement of wild species by transgenics
- new protein combinations could trigger allergies
A process called electrophoresis is used to
separate DNA fragments by size
One way that a cell can produce many proteins from few genes is by removing different combinations of ____ from an mRNA molecule.
introns
DNA sequences that are very similar to protein-encoding genes but are not translated are called ____, which may be remnants of old genes that once functioned in ancestors.
pseudogenes
ATTCGATTCG repeated many times, the number varying from person to person, is a type of noncoding DNA called a ____ and is often used in DNA profiling.
tandem repeat
Why are short tandem repeats (STRs) useful in DNA profiling?
they are genetically variable
What type of DNA is exclusively passed from mother to offspring and can someimes be used in DNA profiling when nuclear DNA is degraded?
mitochondrial DNA
Select potential problems that must be overcome in gene therapy.
- genes must be delivered only to cells that express the faulty alleles
- the new DNA can induce mutations that cause cancer
- virus vectors can trigger an immune reaction
Select all the applications of comparing DNA sequence similarities.
- trace inheritance of alleles in families
- reveal evolutionary relationships among species
Select all of the following that are applications of using the CRISPR-Cas9 tool to edit DNA.
- destroy cancer cells
- edit faulty genes responsible for illnesses
- improve disease resistance in plants and livestock
Select ways that a baby can be born with a disease despite preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
- Only the most common mutations causing a disease are detected
- Technicians can make an error
- PCR is extremely sensitive such that stray DNA can indicae a false result
