Biotechnology

Question 1

A DNA ____ is a short sequence of single-stranded DNA that is labeled with an isotope or tag and that can bind to a complementary DNA region of interest.

Answer 1

probe

Question 2

Order the following steps of the polymerase chain reaction, beginning with the first step at the top.

Answer 2

1. Add target DNA, heat-stable DNA polymerase, primers, and nucleotides to reaction mixture. 2. Heat to separate strands of target DNA. 3. Cool to allow primer attachment. 4. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the primers and synthesize copies of the target DNA. 5. Heat and cool again to produce 4 copies of the target DNA. 6. Heat and cool again to produce 8 copies of the target DNA.

Question 3

In what technology is a healthy gene added to a person’s cells to supplement the function of a faulty, disease-causing gene?

Answer 3

gene therapy

Question 4

In this diagram of creating a transgenic plant using the Ti plasmid, match the letters to their correct labels.

Answer 4

A - Ti plasmid

B - Agrobacterium cell

C - gene for herbicide resistance

D - unaltered plant cell

E - transgenic plant cell

Question 5

Select all of the traits that can be produced in transgenic plans.

Answer 5

• ability to tolerate viruses and harsh environments
• ability to tolerate herbicides
• ability to produce their own insecticides

Question 6

The process of determining the order of DNA nucleotides in a stretch of DNA is called

Answer 6

DNA sequencing

Question 7

DNA sequencing of the human genome revealed that about ____ of the human genome encodes protein.

Answer 7

1.5%

Question 8

Select the portions of the noncoding human genome hat have functions for the cell.

Answer 8

1sequences that encode tRNA, rRNA, and microRNA

-sequences that control gene expression

Question 9

PCR is a technique used to amplify trace amounts of ____ to be used in scientific and forensic analyses.

Answer 9

DNA

Question 10

Select applications of the amplification of DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Answer 10

• identify human remains
• establish family relationships
• amplify DNA samples for criminal investigations

Question 11

One common way that scientists create transgenic plants is to use ____ to introduce genes into plant cells.

Answer 11

recombinant Ti plasmids

Question 12

The fact that different species use the same genetic code measn that a(n) ____ from one organism can be transferred to and expressed by a different organism.

Answer 12

gene

Question 13

During the construction of recombinant DNA, the source DNA is inserted into a ____, a small circle of double-stranded DNA that can carry DNA into a recipient cell.

Answer 13

plasmid

Question 14

Put the steps of DNA profiling in order from first to last.

Answer 14

1. Extract DNA from a person’s cells
2. Use PCR to amplify sequences at STR sites
3. Use florescence imaging to determine the number of repeats
4. Compare STR variants to population databases

Question 15

A(n) ____ enzyme is a type of protein that can cut double-stranded DNA at specific base sequences.

Answer 15

restriction

Question 16

Desirable traits that already occur in a population become more common with

Answer 16

selective breeding

Question 17

____ inserts desirable traits into a population.

Answer 17

Genetic engineering

Question 18

The manipulation of genes for practical purposes, such as medicine, agriculture, or criminal justice, is called

Answer 18

DNA technology

Question 19

How can parents determine if their growing fetus or newborn carries a disease-causing allele?

Answer 19

genetic testing

Question 20

Order the steps for using a DNA probe to indicate the presence of a disease allele, beginning with the first step at the top.

Answer 20

1. Synthesize a probe, a single-stranded piece of DNA that is complementary to part of a disease allele.
2. Label the probe with a radioactive isotope or fluorescent tag.
3. Immobilize the single-stranded source DNA and expose it to the probe.
4. The probe will bind to any complementary strands in the immobilized source DNA.
5. Areas that exhibit radioactivity or fluorescence indicate the presence of the disease allele In the source DNA.

Question 21

What type of organism is one that receives and expresses recombinant DNA?

Answer 21

transgenic

Question 22

Select all the ways that genetic testing can be used in adults.

Answer 22

• test for presence of a disease allele common in family
• test for alleles that code for targets of disease therapy
• indicate if individuals are heterozygous carriers for disease alleles

Question 23

Select all of the following that are required for the first-generation DNA sequencing method.

Answer 23

• normal nucleotides
• primers
• DNA polymerase
• terminator nucleotides

Question 24

Select all of the following that are components of CRISPR-Cas9 technology.

Answer 24

• guide RNA that binds to specific complementary DNA
• enzyme that cuts DNA
• editing of genes to change the nucleotide sequence

Question 25

List the steps used to create a transgenic organism in order.

Answer 25

1. Acquire source DNA and cloning vector 2. Cut source and vector DNA with the same restriction enzyme 3. Mix donor DNA and vector DNA together 4. Insert recombinant DNA into recipient cells

Question 26

The probability that two unrelated individuals have the same pattern of STR variants at all 13 sites is one in

Answer 26

250 trillion

Question 27

Select all of the following that correctly describe the structure and function of DNA.

Answer 27

- DNA is a double helix of nucleotides - DNA encodes a cell's proteins - DNA is copied before a cell divides

Question 28

Plasmid and donor DNA that is cut with the same restriction enzyme can have complementary ____ that can base pair with each other and be sealed by ligase.

Answer 28

sticky ends

Question 29

What refers to DNA that has been spliced together from multiple organisms?

Answer 29

recombinant DNA

Question 30

What DNA technology method has extremely limited medical use due to the many risks for the patient?

Answer 30

gene therapy

Question 31

Select all of the following that are applications of DNA technology.

Answer 31

- study evolutionary relationships among species - modify crop plants to be insect-resistant - manipulate gene expression to treat diseases

Question 32

In biotechnology, the process of analyzing variable parts of a genome to detect genetic differences between individuals is called

Answer 32

DNA profiling

Question 33

Select pharmaceuticals that can be produced using transgenic bacteria.

Answer 33

- insulin - fertility hormones - blood clotting factors

Question 34

Select all of the following that are components of preimplantation genetic diagnosis.

Answer 34

- In vitro fertilization - A cell from the embryo - PCR - A DNA probe

Question 35

Select aspects of gene transfer therapy that differ from the process of creating a transgenic organism.

Answer 35

- Gene therapy patients do not pass the gene on to their offspring. - In gene therapy, inserted genes are from the same type of organism.

Question 36

The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis produces ____ that is toxic to insects and can be inserted into plants using recombinant DNA.

Answer 36

Bt protein

Question 37

Select all of the portential ethical issues in using genetic testing.

Answer 37

- PGD is expensive and may only be possible for the wealthy - Parents may use genetic testing to select for desirable traits in embryos - Tests that reveal a high risk of cancer may cause anxiety or depression

Question 38

Select all of the following that can be sources of DNA used to create a transgenic organism.

Answer 38

- plant - bacterium - animal

Question 39

What technology allows researchers to edit, remove, or turn off specific genes in the genome of an organism?

Answer 39

CRISPR-Cas9

Question 40

Select all the diseases that are caused by mutated alleles of genes and that can be detected and possibly treated using DNA technology.

Answer 40

- cystic fibrosis - sickle cell disease - hemophilia - Tay-Sachs disease

Question 41

Transgenic organisms are designed to

Answer 41

express the protein product of the recombinant DNA

Question 42

The first step in creating a transgenic organism is to

Answer 42

synthesize or extract source DNA

Question 43

Select ways that the cloning vector with recombinant DNA can be inserted into a recipient cell.

Answer 43

- using gene guns to shoot DNA-coated pellets into cells - allowing a virus containing teh DNA to infect a recipient cell - packaging recombinant DNA into a membrane bubble that fuses with the recipient cell membrane - opening the recipient bacterial cell with electricity

Question 44

The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens infects plants with the \_\_\_\_, which can carry new genes into plant cells.

Answer 44

Ti plasmid

Question 45

To produce a \_\_\_\_, recombinant DNA is typically packed into a virus that can then infect a gamete or a fertilized egg.

Answer 45

transgenic animal

Question 46

Select all the applications of transgenic animals.

Answer 46

- provide a model for disease development - increase yield for human consumption - production of human proteins in the milk of farm animals

Question 47

Select all of the following that are ethical concerns associated with the use of transgenic organisms.

Answer 47

- replacement of wild species by transgenics - new protein combinations could trigger allergies

Question 48

A process called electrophoresis is used to

Answer 48

separate DNA fragments by size

Question 49

One way that a cell can produce many proteins from few genes is by removing different combinations of ____ from an mRNA molecule.

Answer 49

introns

Question 50

DNA sequences that are very similar to protein-encoding genes but are not translated are called \_\_\_\_, which may be remnants of old genes that once functioned in ancestors.

Answer 50

pseudogenes

Question 51

ATTCGATTCG repeated many times, the number varying from person to person, is a type of noncoding DNA called a ____ and is often used in DNA profiling.

Answer 51

tandem repeat

Question 52

Why are short tandem repeats (STRs) useful in DNA profiling?

Answer 52

they are genetically variable

Question 53

What type of DNA is exclusively passed from mother to offspring and can someimes be used in DNA profiling when nuclear DNA is degraded?

Answer 53

mitochondrial DNA

Question 54

Select potential problems that must be overcome in gene therapy.

Answer 54

- genes must be delivered only to cells that express the faulty alleles - the new DNA can induce mutations that cause cancer - virus vectors can trigger an immune reaction

Question 55

Select all the applications of comparing DNA sequence similarities.

Answer 55

- trace inheritance of alleles in families - reveal evolutionary relationships among species

Question 56

Select all of the following that are applications of using the CRISPR-Cas9 tool to edit DNA.

Answer 56

- destroy cancer cells - edit faulty genes responsible for illnesses - improve disease resistance in plants and livestock

Question 57

Select ways that a baby can be born with a disease despite preimplantation genetic diagnosis.

Answer 57

- Only the most common mutations causing a disease are detected - Technicians can make an error - PCR is extremely sensitive such that stray DNA can indicae a false result