Biotechnology Flashcards
What was the beginning of the era of recombinant DNA technology?
The discovery of restriction endonucleases in bacteria
What is a common approach used to clone a specific gene?
Insert a set of DNA fragments that together make up an entire genome of the organism into a population of E coli
All of the E coli cells= DNA library because each cell contains a portion of the total genome of the organism
What is a subunit vaccine?
composed of a purified antigenic determinant that is separated from the disease-causing organism
Define iatrogenic infection
“brought forth by a healer”- illness caused by or resulting from medical treatment
Define nosocomial infection
result of treatment in a hospital, but secondary to the patients original condition
Sterilization
Absence of all life
Disinfection
Killing/removing pathogens
Antiseptic
disinfectant applied to tissue
Bactericide
substance that kills/removes only bacteria
Sepsis
sever infection leading to a systemic immune response
asepsis
using aseptic technique
microbiostasis
inhibition of microbe growth
activity
drugs tested to determine the lowest concentration which inhibits microbe- aka MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration)
combination therapy
use of more than 1 antibiotic to increase spectrum or killing effect
synergism
increased killing effect by using multiple antibiotics
antagonism
1 antibiotic interferes with the action of another
What are the 3 methods of sterilization?
moist heat- steam, boiling water
autoclave- steam with pressure
dry heat- flame, oven
What are the antibiotics that are inhibitors of cell wall synthesis?
Penicillin Cephalosporins Bacitracin Vancomycin Isoniazid
What are the cell membrane diruptors antibiotics?
Polymyxin B and E
What are the antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis?
Streptomycin Tetracyline Chloramphenicol Erythromycin Spectinomycin
What are the antibiotics that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?
Rifampin
Quinolones
What are the antimetabolite antibiotics?
Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)
Trimethoprim/Nitrofurantoin/ Bactrum
What do inhibitors of cell wall synthesis do?
Prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan by binding to enzyme receptor sites
What antibiotics are B-lactam chemical structure?
Penicillin and derivatives (ampicillin, amoxicillin)
Cephalosporins (derivatives grouped into generations)
Which inhibitor of cell wall synthesis is only used topically and why?
Bacitracin
- because it’s toxic to kidneys
What is vancomycin used for?
Initially to fight Staph
Now used for systemic infections
Quite toxic- damage to kidneys, nerve deafness, skin rashes
What does isoniazid do?
Inhibits synthesis of mycolic acids in cell walls of mycobacteria
Active against myobacteria only
What do polymyxin B and E do?
Replace Mg and Ca from membrane lipids disrupting the structure of the bacterial cell membrane
topical use only because toxic
Which inhibitor of protein synthesis is often used in conjunction with penicillin?
streptomycin- synergistic effects in streptococcal infections
What are the derivatives of streptomycin?
kanamycin
gentamycin
Which inhibitor of protein synthesis can cause photosensitivity, renal toxicity, and stained teeth particularly in children?
Tetracycline
Which inhibitor of protein synthesis can cause aplastic anemia?
Chloramphenicol
Which inhibitor of protein synthesis is given to those allergic to penicillin?
Erythromycin
- mildly toxic
Which antibiotic is used to treat TB in combo with others? And what category of antibiotic is it?
Rifampin
- inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis
- not toxic
Which inhibitor of nucleic acid syntheis inhibits DNA replication?
Quinolones
- ex: Cipro
- bacteriocidal
What do sulfa drugs do?
Precursor to antibiotics, antimicrobial agents - derived from sulfonic acid inhibit folic acid synthesis can fight protozoa infections ex: dapsone used to treat leprosy
What are clinical problems associated with antibiotic use?
Infection continues even if symptoms subside
Affects normal flora
Microbes become resistant
Toxicitiy
Sensitization- develop rashes, fever, anaphylaxis
