Biotechnology Flashcards
What is the molecular process occurring in PCR
-denature DNA by heating to 95C
-each strand serves a a template for replication
-primers anneal to identify target that will be amplified
-Taq polymerase adds nucleotides to 3’ end of primer
During electrophoresis, DNA moves towards the
positive pole
During electrophoresis, _____ fragments move faster
small
CODIS uses _____ polymorphic regions and is best used to
20, rule people out
When doing paternity tests VNTR the child must…
receive one allele from the mother and another from the father
When doing forensic tests VNTR the suspect is
excluded from leaving the piece of evidence at the crime scene if he/she does not match EXACTLY ALL loci
Recombinant DNA is
creating new DNA molecules by combining DNA from different sources
What role do restriction enzymes play in DNA recombinant technology?
recognize specific DNA sequence and cleaves dsDNA at that sequence
A palindrome is the…
ability to read the same 5’ to 3’ on either strand for a segment of DNA
What role does DNA ligase play in DNA recombinant technology?
when the restriction enzymes cut DNA the DNA ligase joins DNA molecules
Hind III
is a restriction enzyme that makes staggered cuts in DNA and produces sticky ends
Pvu III
is a restriction enzyme that cuts both strands of DNA straight across, producing blunt ends
What role do vectors play in DNA recombinant technology?
they are carrier DNA molecule that is capable of independent replication, in which a DNA fragment can be cloned
What 3 things do cloning vectors often have?
Origin or replication
Selectable/Insertional Markers
Multiple cloning Sites
The origin of replication allows
replication in the host cell
Selectable/Insertional Markers allow
cells containing the vector and recombinant molecule to be identified
Multiple cloning sites…
have many restriction enzymes cut sires that can be used in producing recombinant DNA molecule
Ligation experiments are conducted to
join foreign DNA to vector
Transformation experiments are conducted to
allows cells to take up products from a ligation experiment;put rcombinant DNA molecules into a cell
Identification of different cell types:
cells with no uptake, took up the original vector or took up the recombinant plasmid
Golden Rice was created due to
lack of vitamin A
How is cDNA made from mRNA and why is it useful
mRNA is used as a template to synthesize the first strand of cDNA through reverse transcriptase
Describe the Ti plasmid and how it’s used to create transgenic plants
Ti plasmid is a tumor-inducing plasmid that when modified the tumor causing genes are removed and allows the inserted gene to be functional in plants
An expression vector is
what allows the inserted gene product to be produced and it must contain sequences required for transcription and translation of the gene
Blotting is the process of
transferring molecules that were previously separated to a membrane that is better able to support additional testing
Southern Blot
DNA fragments are separated based on length
Northern Blot
RNA fragments are separated based on length
Western Blot
Proteins that are separated on molecular weight, isoelectric point and electric charge
A probe is
Used is southern blots
-single-stranded DNA that is the sequence we are interested in
-binds to complimentary DNA fragments on the nylon
Transgenic golden rice seeds make
B-carotene & have PSY, crtl gene
Dideoxy sequencing includes
-3’ -OH for DNA polymerase to form a phosphodiester bond
-DNA replication reaction proceeds until nucleotides are incorporated
A ddNTP is often used in the Sanger sequencing process. Compared to the normal DNA precursors, ddNTPs lack a(n)___ at the ___ carbon.
OH, 3’
Forward Genetics vs Reverse Genetics
-Forward Genetics- start with a mutant phenotype and search out the gene that causes the phenotype
-Reverse Generics-start with a DNA sequence and alter its function or prevent its expression to observe the effects
Reverse genetic technology
-Adding genes
-Removing genes
—–CRISPR
—–making a knockout to remove gene expression
—–CRISPR DNA
—–RNAi
