BioTech23

Question 1

Plasmids

Answer 1

Small
Stable
Self-replicating

Question 2

Plasmids

Answer 2

Extrachromosomal DNA molecules that can easily be manipulated to carry and transfer foreign DNA into a host cell

Question 3

Plasmids

Answer 3

Often contain features like antibiotic resistance genes for selection of transformed cells and multiple cloning sites for inserting new DNA fragments.

Question 4

Plasmids

Answer 4

Extrachromosomal DNA, which makes it easier to introduce foreign DNA into a cell than integrating DNA into chromosome.

Question 5

Uses of Plasmid

Answer 5

Make insulin for Diabetics, create enzymes to break down oil spills.

Question 6

Bacteria

Answer 6

Single cells
No nucleus (but have DNA!)
Fast reproduction
Many types (species)
Live EVERYWHERE!

Question 7

Codon

Answer 7

Codon are the 3 bases in mRNA code for an amino acid.

Question 8

Anti Codon

Answer 8

Anti codon are the three bases in tRNA that are a compliment to codon.

Question 9

Transcription

Answer 9

Transcription takes place in the nucleus, and translation takes place at a ribosome. The protein folds in the cytoplasm.

Question 10

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 10

Proteins fold into their final structure in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) of the cell.

Question 11

Hydrophilic

Answer 11

Folding towards the outside the protein

Question 12

Hydrophobic

Answer 12

Folding towards the inside of the protein

Question 13

Cysteines

Answer 13

Cysteines love each other and form a strong bond.

Question 14

DNA to Protien to Trait steps

Answer 14

tRNA’s translate the mRNA sequence (at the ribosome) into the amino acids that go into the protein using the Genetic Code Table (3 bases = 1 amino acid)- Translation

Question 15

Three things that protein do for us

Answer 15

Building and Repairing tissues
Creating anti-bodies
Maintaining pH balance
Providing energy

Question 16

What does the structure and function of every protein depend on?

Answer 16

the specific sequence of amino acids in its polypeptide chain

Question 17

What is the relationship between genes and proteins?

Answer 17

A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a specific protein; essentially, genes act like blueprints that direct the production of proteins

Question 18

What are three differences between RNA and DNA?

Answer 18

1) DNA is double-stranded while RNA is single-stranded;
2) DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, whereas RNA contains ribose; and
3) DNA uses the base thymine, while RNA uses uracil in its nucleotide sequence.

Question 19

What are the three bases in mRNA called that code for an amino acid?

Answer 19

The three bases in mRNA that code for an amino acid are called a codon.

Question 20

What are the “translators” of the genetic code called (it’s another type of RNA) What do they have on them? Two things.

Answer 20

The “translators” of the genetic code are called transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, and they carry a specific amino acid on one end and a complementary anticodon sequence on the other end

Question 21

Start Codon

Answer 21

The first code on an mRNA is always the “start codon”, which is typically AUG

Question 22

Codon

Answer 22

A sequence of three nucleotides called a “codon” codes for a specific amino acid; essentially, a codon is the code for an amino acid.

Question 23

What is the role of the ribosome in this process of translation?

Answer 23

A ribosome acts as the primary site for protein synthesis during translation, where it reads the sequence of messenger RNA (mRNA) and assembles amino acids into a polypeptide chain by matching each codon on the mRNA with the corresponding transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 24

CRISPR

Answer 24

CRISPR is a new tool that allows us to edit the genes of any cell or entire organisms!

Question 25

Bio-Ethics

Answer 25

what we use to decide what to “do” with these new technologies; set of rules/values
1. Respect for Persons - inherent worth of each individual; right to choose
2. Maximize Benefit/Minimize Harm - how much benefit will come from the decision, how much harm?
3. Justice/Fair - will this be available to all? Is it a fair/equitable procedure to all groups of people? Equality?

Question 26

Genetic Engineering

Answer 26

Changing the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material (DNA or RNA).

Question 27

What is the purpose of ampillicin?

Answer 27

Bacteria that doesn’t pick up the plasmid won’t grow on the ampillicin.

Question 28

What is the purpose of the LB?

Answer 28

It is the food for the bacteria.
Bacteria will not grow in the presence of ampillicin if the they don’t have the gene for ampillicin resistance from the plasmid.

Question 29

What is the purpose of the transformation fluid(calcium chloride)?

Answer 29

Loosens up the membrane so that it is most likely to take in the plasmid.