Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Finals Cytogenetics > BIOTECH MO TO > Flashcards

BIOTECH MO TO Flashcards

1
Q

is a disease caused in whole or in part by a change in the DNA sequence away from the normal sequence.

A

Genetic Disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A genetic disorder happens when a gene (or genes) has a problem with its _____, and this causes a health problem

A

code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

is a genetic condition where people are born with an extra chromosome specifically chromosome 21

A

Down Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Symptoms:
✓A flat nose bridge
✓Slanted eyes that point upward
✓A short neck
✓Small ears, hands and feet
✓Weak muscle tone at birth
✓Small pinky finger that points inward towards the thumb
✓One crease in the palm of their hand (palmar crease)
✓Shorter-than-average height

A

Down Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Treatment:
✓Physical or occupational therapy
✓Speech therapy
✓Participating in special education programs in school
✓Treating any underlying medical conditions
✓Wearing glasses for vision problems or assisted hearing devices for hearing loss

A

Down Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

also known as Martin-Bell syndrome, is an inherited condition.

  • It’s the most common form of inherited intellectual and developmental disability (IDD).
A

Fragile X Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Symptoms:
✓Low intelligence quotient (IQ).
✓Delayed early developmental milestones
✓Delayed development of nonverbal communication
✓Problems with math and Language processing
✓A long, narrow face
✓A large forehead and jaw
✓Soft skin and enlarged testicles

A

Fragile X Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treatment:
Seizures or mood instability:
✓Lithium carbonate
✓Gabapentin (Neurontin®)

A

Fragile X Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Treatment:
ADHD:
✓Methylphenidate (Ritalin®, Concerta®) and Dextroamphetamine (Adderall®, Dexedrine®).
✓Venlafaxine (Effexor®) and Nefazodone (Serz one®)

A

Fragile X Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fragile X Syndrome also known as

A

Martin-Bell syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

is a common genetic condition in which people assigned male at birth (AMAB) have an additional X chromosome

is a congenital condition (you’re born with it

A

Klinefelter Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Symptoms:
✓Breast Growth
✓Infertility
✓Osteoporosis
✓Learning Difficulties

A

Klinefelter Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Treatment:
✓usually involve physical and emotional therapy, as well as hormone replacement.

A

Klinefelter Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chromosomal Disorders

A

Down Syndrome
Fragile X Syndrome
Klinefelter Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

is a neurodevelopmental disorder

is a developmental disability caused by differences in your child’s brain

A

Autism Spectrum Disease (ASD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Symptoms:
✓Often lines up toys or plays with toys the same way every time.
✓Must follow certain routines or has extreme reactions to small changes in routine.
✓Has obsessive or very unusual interests.
✓Has significant sensory aversions, like dislike of loud noises, dislike of how certain clothes fit or feel or
very picky eating.
✓Has sensory-seeking behaviors

A

Autism Spectrum Disease (ASD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Treatment:
Behavioral interventions or therapies

A

Autism Spectrum Disease (ASD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

is a narrowing or blockage of your coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich
blood to your heart.

A

Coronary Artery Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Treatment:
✓Don’t smoke, vape or use any tobacco products
✓Eat heart-healthy foods low in sodium, saturated fat, trans fat and sugar
✓Mediterranean diet is a proven way to lower your risk of a heart attack or stroke
✓Exercise: Aim for 30 minutes of walking
✓Limit alcohol

A

Coronary Artery Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

is much more than a bad headache

is a common neurological disease that causes a variety of symptoms

A

Migraine Headaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Symptoms include:
✓Sensitivity to light, noise and odors
✓Nausea and vomiting, upset stomach and abdominal
pain
✓Loss of appetite
✓Feeling very warm (sweating) or cold (chills)
✓Pale skin color (pallor)
✓Feeling tired
✓Dizziness and blurred vision
✓Tender Scalp

A

Migraine Headaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Treatment:
________________ are chronic. They can’t be cured, but they can be managed and possibly improved

A

Migraine Headaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Multifactorial Disorders

A

Autism Spectrum Disease
Coronary Artery Disease
Migraine Headaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

is a genetic (inherited) disease that causes sticky, thick mucus to build up in organs, including your lungs and pancreas.

A

Cystic Fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Symptoms:
✓Failure to thrive
✓Loose or oily stools.
✓Trouble breathing
✓Recurrent wheezing
✓Frequent lung infections (recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis)
✓Recurrent sinus infections
✓A nagging cough
✓Slow growth

A

Cystic Fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Treatment:
The major focus of management is keeping your airways clear. Your provider will also prescribe medicine
when needed

A

Cystic Fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

also called iron overload, is a condition in which your body stores too much iron

A

Hemochromatosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Symptoms:
✓Fatigue
✓General weakness
✓Heart flutters or irregular heartbeat
✓Joint pain
✓Stomach pain
✓Unexplained weight loss

A

Hemochromatosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Treatment:
✓Changes to your diet
✓Iron chelation therapy

A

Hemochromatosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

is a genetic condition that causes damage and, ultimately, the death of nerve cells (neurons) in your child’s brain and spinal cord

A

Tay-sachs Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Symptoms:
Early symptoms:
✓Muscle weakness
✓Difficulty turning over, sitting or crawling
✓Easily startled by loud noises
Continuous symptoms:
✓Involuntary muscle-twitching seizures
✓Difficulty swallowing
✓Vision loss
✓Hearing loss
✓Cherry-red spot on their eyes
✓Respiratory infections

A

Tay-sachs Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

is a disease that leads to hearing loss and vision loss

A

Usher Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Symptoms:
✓ hearing loss
✓vision loss
✓balance problems

A

Usher Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Treatment:
✓Hearing aids
✓Cochlear implants
✓Vision aids
✓ Vitamin A supplements

A

Usher Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

are a group of conditions that affect how mitochondria work in your body.

A

Mitochondrial Diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Symptoms:
✓Poor growth
✓Muscle weakness, muscle pain or a low muscle tone
✓Vision and/or hearing loss
✓Developmental delays or issues with cognitive development
✓Diarrhea or constipation
✓Unexplained vomiting
✓Acid reflux and/or swallowing difficulties
✓Seizures
✓Migraines
✓Respiratory (breathing) problems
✓Fainting

A

Mitochondrial Diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Treatment:
✓Taking medications to reduce symptoms
✓Taking vitamins or supplements
✓Changing your diet (nutrition) and exercising.
✓Physical therapy, occupational therapy or speech therapy.
✓Wearing assistive devices like hearing aids

A

Mitochondrial Diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

play a crucial role in healthcare by collecting, testing, and storing blood for transfusions and other medical procedures.

A

Blood banks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

THE ROLE OF GENETICS IN BLOOD BANKING

A
  1. Variability in Blood Types
  2. DNA Sequencing and Typing
  3. Genetic Engineering Applications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

BIOTECHNOLOGY TECHNIQUES USED IN BLOOD BANKING

A
  1. Molecular Diagnostics
  2. Pathogen Inactivation
  3. Bioinformatics in Blood Research
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Biotechnology enables the use of ____ tools to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of blood screening, leading to improved safety and quality of blood products.

A

Molecular Diagnostics

42
Q

Modern biotechnology methods allow for the development of innovative ____ techniques, ensuring that donated blood is free from infectious agents and safe for transfusion

A

Pathogen Inactivation

43
Q

Biotechnology contributes to the analysis of large-scale genomic and proteomic data opening opportunities for significant advancements in blood-related research and therapeutic discoveries.

A

Bioinformatics in Blood Research

44
Q

Various blood typing techniques, including ABO and Rh typing, are employed to determine the specific blood group of donors and recipients for safe transfusions.

A

Blood Typing Methods

45
Q

Various blood typing techniques, including ______, are employed to determine the specific blood group of donors and recipients for safe transfusions.

A

ABO and Rh typing

46
Q

Cross-matching verifies compatibility between the donor’s blood and the recipient’s blood, ensuring that transfusions will not lead to adverse reactions.

A

Cross-Matching Procedures

47
Q

______ verifies compatibility between the donor’s blood and the recipient’s blood, ensuring that transfusions will not lead to adverse reactions.

A

Cross-Matching

48
Q

Advancements in biotechnology have led to the development of rapid and accurate blood typing and cross-matching technologies, accelerating the transfusion process in critical situations

A

Rapid Testing Innovations

49
Q

Donor Recruitment and Screening

A
  1. Donor Eligibility Criteria Screening
  2. Behavioral Assessments
  3. Donor Recruitment Strategies
50
Q

BLOOD STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION

A
  • Optimal Storage Conditions
  • Specialized Transport Solutions
  • Cold Chain Management
51
Q

EMERGING TRENDS IN BLOOD BANKING

A

Automation and Robotics
Nanotechnology Applications

52
Q

Integration of _______ streamlines blood processing tasks, leading to increased efficiency and reduced human errors

A

Automation and Robotics

53
Q

Nanotechnology advancements offer potential solutions for targeted drug delivery and the development of novel blood products with enhanced therapeutic properties

A

Nanotechnology Applications

54
Q

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS (BLOOD BANKING)

A
  • Personalized Blood Therapies
  • Quality Enhancement Strategies
  • Global Collaboration for Blood Research
55
Q

typically involves analyzing DNA samples from the alleged father, child, and sometimes the mother to assess genetic similarities and confirm or exclude paternity with a high degree of accuracy

A

PATERNITY TESTING

56
Q

Process of Paternity Testing

A
  1. Sample Collection
  2. Isolation DNA
  3. DNA Analysis
  4. Comparison
  5. Results
  6. Reports
57
Q

Principles of Paternity Testing

A

based on Genetic Inheritance and DNA analysis

58
Q

Children inherit half of their genetic material from each parent

A

Inheritance of Genetic Material

59
Q

Paternity testing relies on identifying specific ___________ or regions of DNA that are known to vary among individuals

A

Genetic Markers

60
Q

Each individual has a unique DNA profile, except for identical twins who share the same genetic makeup.

A

Uniqueness of DNA

61
Q
  • The analysis calculates the probability of paternity based on the observed genetic similarities
A

Probability Calculation

62
Q

Accredited laboratories follow stringent protocols to ensure accuracy and reliability of results.

A

Accuracy and Reliability

63
Q

Paternity testing adheres to Mendelian laws of inheritance

A

Consistency with Mendelian Laws

64
Q
  • Including the mother’s DNA in the testing process helps refine the analysis by eliminating her contribution to the child’s genetic makeup
A

Inclusion of Mother’s DNA (if available)

65
Q

Several types of Paternity Testing

A

*Standard DNA Paternity Test
*Legal Paternity Test
*Home DNA Paternity Test
*Non-Invasive Prenatal Paternity Testing
*Y-Chromosome Testing
*Grandparentage Testing
*Sibling DNA Test

66
Q

This involves comparing the child’s DNA with that of the alleged father and, if available, the mother

A

Standard DNA Paternity Tesing

67
Q

Similar to the standard DNA paternity test, but the sample collection is conducted with strict chain-of-custody procedures.

A

Legal Paternity Test

68
Q

While convenient, results from home tests may not be admissible in legal proceedings due to potential sample contamination or mishandling

A

Home DNA Paternity Test

69
Q

This test analyzes the baby’s DNA found in the mother’s blood during pregnancy.

A

Non-Invasive Prenatal Paternity Testing

70
Q

This focuses on the Y-chromosome passed from father to son.

A

Y-Chromosome Testing

71
Q

In cases where the alleged father is unavailable, testing the DNA of the paternal grandparents can provide indirect evidence of paternity

A

Grandparentage Testing

72
Q

This test is used when alleged siblings want to confirm if they share the same biological father.

A

Sibling DNA Test

73
Q

EXAMPLES OF PATERNITY TESTING

A
  1. Buccal Swab Test
  2. Blood Test
  3. DNA Test
  4. Non- invasive Prenatal Paternity Test
  5. Home DNA testing kits
74
Q

Cancer Diagnosis

A
  1. Imaging Techniques
    2.Biopsy and Histopathology
  2. Blood Test and Tumor Markers
75
Q

Cancer Treatment

A
  1. Surgery
  2. Radiation Therapy
  3. Chemotherapy
  4. Immunotherapy
  5. Targeted Therapy
76
Q

Imaging Techniques (Cancer Diagnosis)

A

Computed Tomography (CT) Scan
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan
Ultrasound Imaging
X-ray Imaging

77
Q

Biopsy and Histopathology (Cancer Diagnosis)

A

Biopsy
Histopathology
Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA)
Frozen Section Biopsy
Immunohistochemistry

78
Q

Blood Tests and Tumor Markers (Cancer Diagnosis)

A

Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Blood Chemistry Tests
Tumor Markers
Genomic Testing
Liquid Biopsy

79
Q

Surgery (Cancer Treatment)

A

Primary Tumor Resection
Lymph Node Dissection
Debulking Surgery
Reconstructive Surgery
Palliative Surgery

80
Q

Radiation Therapy (Cancer Treatment)

A

External Beam Radiation Therapy
Internal Radiation Therapy (Brachytherapy)
Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT)
Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Radiation Therapy

81
Q

Chemotherapy (Cancer Treatment)

A

Description of Chemotherapy
Mechanisms of Action
Types of Chemotherapy Agents
Administration and Treatment Regimens
Side Effects and Supportive Care

82
Q

Immunotherapy (Cancer Treatment)

A

Checkpoint Inhibitors
Monoclonal Antibodies
CAR-T Cell Therapy
Cytokine Therapies
Vaccines

83
Q

Targeted Therapy (Cancer Treatment)

A

Description of Targeted Therapy
Molecular Targets
Types of Targeted Therapy
Examples of Targeted Drugs
Challenges and Future Directions

84
Q

Genetic engineering modifies an organism’s genetic material to treat or prevent diseases, through the introduction, removal, or alteration of genetic material.

A

Gene Therapy

85
Q

It is a promising field of science that could revolutionize healthcare and provide new treatments for previously untreatable conditions, especially genetic disorders

A

Gene Therapy

86
Q

Types of Gene Therapy

A

SOMATIC GENE THERAPY
GERMLINE GENE THERAPY

87
Q
  • Involves modifying genes in the body’s somatic cells (non-reproductive cells).
  • Effects are limited to the treated individual and are not passed on to offspring
A

Somatic Gene Therapy

88
Q
  • Targets reproductive cells, aiming to introduce genetic changes that are heritable.
  • Raises ethical concerns due to the potential impact on future generations
A

Germline Gene Therapy

89
Q

Gene therapy aims to deliver a normal copy of the CFTR gene, which is mutated in people with _____, to the cells that line the airways and produce mucus

A

Cystic Fibrosis

90
Q

Gene therapy aims to deliver a functional copy of the F8 or F9 gene, which encode the clotting factors VIII or IX, to the liver cells that produce them.

A

Hemophilia

91
Q

Gene therapy aims to correct the mutation in the HBB gene, which encodes the beta-globin protein, a component of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells.

A

Sickle Cell disease

92
Q

Gene therapy aims to deliver a normal copy of the RPE65 gene, which is mutated in some forms
of inherited retinal dystrophy, to the retinal pigment epithelium cells, which support the
photoreceptors in the retina.

A

Inherited retinal dystrophy

93
Q

is a revolutionary gene-editing tool. It’s like the molecular scissors of genetic engineering.

A

CRISPR-CAS9 FOR GENETIC MODIFICATION
(Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9)

94
Q

How it works? (CRISPR-CAS9 FOR GENETIC MODIFICATION)

A

CRISPR-Cas9 allows scientists to precisely target and modify specific genes within an organism’s DNA. It
does this by using a guide RNA molecule to find the target gene and Cas9, a protein, to cut the DNA at
the desired location. The cell’s natural repair machinery then kicks in to make the desired genetic
change

95
Q

Applications (CRISPR-CAS9)

A

CRISPR-Cas9 has myriad applications, from creating genetically modified crops with improved traits to
researching potential therapies for genetic diseases. Its precision and versatility have opened up a new
era of genetic manipulation

96
Q

A number of different viruses can be used to transport foreign genetic material into cells and the most successful ____ are described in the following sections

A

Viral Agents

97
Q

_________ can transduce both dividing and non-dividing cells, carry large transgenes, and provide stable and long-term gene expression.

They are mainly used for cell and stem cell therapies. However, they also pose some safety risks, such as insertional mutagenesis, oncogenesis, and accidental exposure to HIV

A

Lentiviruse

98
Q

________ can transduce a wide range of cell types, carry medium-sized transgenes, and
provide high-level and transient gene expression.

They are mainly used for vaccine development, cancer therapy, and gene editing. However, they also have some drawbacks, such as high immunogenicity, toxicity,and inflammation

A

Adenoviruses

99
Q

___________________ viruses can transduce both dividing and non-dividing cells, carry small transgenes, and provide stable and low-level gene expression.

They are mainly used for gene therapy of monogenic diseases. They have some advantages, such as low immunogenicity, high specificity, and stable integration. However, they also have some limitations, such as package size, variability of response, and durability of effect

A

Adeno-associated viruses

100
Q

There are a number of different non-viral methods of gene therapy but the most popular is liposome-mediated DNA transfer. This has the theoretical advantage of not eliciting an immune response, being safer and simpler to use as well as allowing large-scale production, but efficacy is limited

A

Non-viral agents

101
Q

is a non-viral method of gene delivery that uses lipid-based vesicles to encapsulate and transport DNA molecules into cells.

has some theoretical advantages over viral vectors, such as low immunogenicity and toxicity, high gene loading capacity and flexibility, and easy and scalable production.

A

Liposome-mediated DNA transfer

102
Q

also faces some limitations, such as low transfection efficiency and stability, poor endosomal escape and nuclear entry, and lack of long-term expression

A

Liposome-mediated DNA transfer

Finals Cytogenetics (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions