Biostats 3 & 4

Question 1

This drug trial assesses safety, toxicity, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

Answer 1

Phase I

Question 2

This drug trial assesses treatment efficacy, optimal dosing, adverse effects

Answer 2

Phase II

Question 3

This drug trial compares the new treatment to the current standard of care

Answer 3

Phase III

Question 4

This drug trial detects rare or long-term adverse effects. Post marketing

Answer 4

Phase IV

Question 5

Most common cancers among women living in US and which one has the highest mortality

Answer 5

1. Breast
2. Lung
3. Colorectal
   Highest mortality: Lung cancer

Question 6

Mention the three types of population pyramids

Answer 6

Expansive ➡️ young and growing population, high birth and mortality rates
Stationary ➡️ stable population, declining birth rates and low mortality rates
Constrictive ➡️ shrinking population, low birth and mortality rates

Question 7

Nonrandom sampling or treatment allocation of subjects such that study population is not representative of target population bias

Answer 7

Selection bias; include Berkson bias (hospital population) and Attrition bias (participants lost to follow up)

Question 8

Researcher’s belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of that treatment

Answer 8

Observer-expectancy bias (Pygmalion effect)