BIOSTAT FINALS Flashcards
epi
on or upon
demos
people
logos
the study of
is the study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why.
Epidemiology
used to plan and evaluate strategies to prevent illness and as a guide to the management of patients in whom disease has already developed.
Epidemiological information
is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
Epidemiology
is the relationship between a disease and its cause. A disease may have multiple causes, which can be categorized as either direct or indirect.
Disease causation
In __, the cause refers to something which has an effect.
Webster dictionary
cause can be considered to be something that alters the frequency of disease, health & production status or associated factors in the population.
in Epidemiology
a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal or plant especially one that has a known cause and a distinctive group of symptoms, signs, or anatomical changes.
Disease (Dictionary)
is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury.
Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific signs and symptoms.
Disease (Wikipedia)
three essential components,
HOST, AGENT AND ENVIRONMENT.
microbe that causes the disease, (the “what” of the triangle),
Agent
organism harboring the disease ( the
“who” of the triangle),
HOST
those external factors that causes or allow disease transmission ( the “where” of the triangle).
ENVIRONMENT
a organism too small to be seen with the naked eye.
microbe
Disease-causing microbes are
bacteria, virus, fungi, and protozoa( a type of parasite).
exists when there are more cases of a particular disease than expected in a given area, or among a specific group of people, over a particular period of time, the disease doesn’t necessarily to be contagious like; West Nile Fever and the rapid increase in obesity rates are also considered epidemics. Epidemics can refer to a disease or other specific health-related behavior (e.g., smoking) with rates that are clearlv above the expected occurrence in a community or region.
EPIDEMICS:
when a population has a high level of disease all the time or when it is consistently present but limited to a particular region. This makes the disease spread and rates predictable. Malaria, for example, is considered endemic in certain countries and regions.
ENDEMIC;
when a disease’s growth is exponential. This means the growth rate skyrockets, and each day cases grow more that the day prior. In being declared a pandemic, the virus has nothing to do with virology, population immunity, or disease severity. It means a virus covers a wide area, affecting several countries and populations.
Pandemic
the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic
the degree to which it has spread.
CAUSES OF DISEASE OUTBREAKS
Weather conditions.
Exposure to chemicals or radioactive materials.
The social aftermath of disasters(
number of environmental factors
three majors links in disease occurrence:
the etiologic agent, the method of transmission ( by contact, by a common vehicle, or via air or via vector), and the host.
are caused by harmful organisms that get into your body from the outside, like viruses and bacteria. Some examples; chickenpox, coronavirus and chikunguya.
Infectious Disease
aren’t caused by outside organisms but by genetics, anatomical differences, getting older and the environment you live in. Some examples are: diabetes, heart disease, strokes.
Non infectious Disease
aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs. This is done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury, altering unhealthy or unsafe behavior that can lead to disease or injury and increasing resistance to disease or injury should exposure occur.
PRIMARY
to ban or control the use of hazardous products: (e.g., asbestos) or to mandate safe and healthy practices (e.g., use of seatbelts and bike, helment), education about healthy and safe habits (e.g., eating well, exercising regularly and not smoking) immunization against infectious disease.
LEGISLATION and ENFORCEMENT:
aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred. This is done by detecting and treating disease and injury as soon as possible to halt or slow its progress, encouraging personal strategies to prevent reinjury and recurrence and implementing programs to return people to their original health and function to prevent long term problems.
SECONDARY PREVENTION:
aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects. This is done by helping people manage long-term, often complex, health problem and injuries (e.g., chronic disease, permanent impairments) in order to improve as much as possible their ability to functions, their quality of life and their life expectancy.
TERTIARY PREVENTION:
refers to the systematic study of vital events.
Vital Statistic
is an information about vital events.
Vital Statistics Data
Indices of the health and illness status of a community, and serves as basis for planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating community health nursing programs and service.
Uses of Statistics:
shows the relationship between a vital and those persons exposed to the occurrence of the said events.
Rate
The number of persons experiencing the event (numerator) must come from the total population exposed to the risk of same event (denominator).
Rate
use to describe the relationship between 2 numerical quantities or measure of event or place.
Ratio
expresses the relationship between two ratios that are equal.
Proportions
describes the population characteristics. Example: Population size and how it changes over time. Its composition by age, sex, income, and occupation.
Demographic Data
refer to number of deaths.
mortality
is defined as the number of deaths in a calendar year divided by the population on July 1 in that year.
Annual Crude Death Rate-
is defined as the number of deaths in a specific age group in a calendar year divided by the population of the same age group on July 1 of that year, with the quotient multiplied by 1000.
Age Specific Death Rate-
Defined as the number of deaths assigned to specific cause in a calendar year divided by the population on July 1 of that year, with quotient multiplied by 100,000.
Cause-Specific Death Rate-
one of many possible examples of how the idea
of specific death rates maybe extended simultaneously to cover two characteristics.
Cause-Race- Specific Death Rate-
Is defined as the number of deaths assigned to specific cause in a calendar year divided by the total number of deaths in that year, with the quotient multiplied by 100.
Proportional Mortality Ratio-
defined as the number of deaths assigned to puerperal causes (related to childbearing) in a calendar year divided by the number of live births in that year with the quotient multiplied by 100,000.
Maternal Mortality Ratio-
Defined as the number of deaths of persons of ages 0-1 in a calendar year divided by the number of live births in that year, with the quotient multiplied by 1,000.
Infant Mortality Rate-
Defined as delivery of the fetus that shows no evident of life. It is defined as the number of fatal death in a calendar year divided by the number of live birth in that calendar year, with the quotient multiplied by 1000.
Fatal Death Ratio-
defined as the number of fetal plus neonatal deaths divided by the number of live birth plus fetal death, with the quotient multiply by 1000.
Perinatal Mortality Proportion-
Considered indispensable when approaching population control problems.
The two most common measures of fertility are the crude birth rate and general fertility rate.
Measures of Fertility
defined as the number of live births in a calendar year divided by the population on July 1 of that year, with quotient multiplied by 1000.
Crude Birth Rate-
Defined as the number of live births in calendar year divided by the number of women ages 15-44 years old at midyear with the quotient multiplied by 1000.
General Fertility Rate-
Less precisely recorded than mortality. Such data are difficult to analyzed but they are nonetheless useful in program planning and evaluation.
Measures of Morbidity
defined as the number of newly reported cases of a given disease in a calendar year, divided by the population on July 1 of that year with the quotient multiplied by convenient factor usually 100,000.
Incident Rate
defined as the number of existing cases of a given disease at given time divided by the population at that time with the quotient multiplied by 100, 000.
Prevalence Proportions-
defined as the number of existing cases of a given disease at given time divided by the population at that time with the quotient multiplied by 100, 000.
Prevalence Proportions-
Defined as the number of deaths assigned to given cause in a certain period divided by the number of cases of the diseases reported during the same period with a quotient multiplied by 100.
Case Fatality Proportion-
is the original data collected for a specific purpose by or for an investigator.
Primary Data
is data collected for another purpose by other individuals or organizations.
Secondary Data
