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Biostat 601 > Biostat Chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

Biostat Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

3 Basic Measurement Scales

A
  1. Categorical (nominal)- represent unordered categories
  2. Ordinal- Categories that can be put in order/ranked
  3. Quantitative (scale, continuous, interval, ratio)- represent meaningful numerical values for which arithetic operations make sense
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2
Q

Arithmetic Average

A

A distribution’s gravitational center. This is where the distribution would balance if placed on a scale

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3
Q

Average

A

Refers to the center of distribution. Can be measured as arithmetic average and the median

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4
Q

Axis multiplier

A

included to show the total value of the stem

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5
Q

Bias

A

An over or underestimation of something (value, factor)A systematic error

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6
Q

Biostatistics

A

Broad range of activities that help us improve the intellectual content of data from biological, biomedical, and public health realted studies. It is more than just a compilation of computational methods

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7
Q

Blinding

A

When the study subject is kept in the dark about the explanatory variable being used.Double blind is when the study subject and investigator are both kept in the dark.Triple blind is when the study subject, the investigator and the statistician are all kept in the dark.

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8
Q

Cargo Cult Science

A

Appears to be scientific but does not follow the scientific method

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9
Q

Categorical Measurements

A

Places observations into classes or groups

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10
Q

Census

A

A survey that attempts to collect information on all individuals in the population

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11
Q

Chebychev’s rule

A

Applies to all data sets, regardless of their shape. Says at least three-fourths of the data points will lie within two standard deviations of the mean.

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12
Q

Cluster Samples

A

Randomly selected larger units (clusters) consisting of smaller subunits.

Ex. Households

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13
Q

Comparative Studies

A

Designed to quantify the relationship between variables

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14
Q

Complex Sampling Designs

A
  1. Cluster Sample
  2. Stratified Sample
  3. Multistage Sample
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15
Q

Confounding

A

When lurking variables effect the explanatory variable

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16
Q

Controlled Trial

A

A trial when there is one or more control group

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17
Q

Data tables

A

Form containing observations, variables and values

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18
Q

Degrees of freedom

A

The variance is the average of the sum of squares, with the sum of squares divided by “n-1” instead of “n”. The number “n-1” is the degrees of freedom of the variance. You lose one degree of freedom because knowing n-1 of the deviations determines the last deviation.

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19
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

a set of observations that describe the characteristics of a sample

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20
Q

Deviation

A

Data point minus the mean

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21
Q

Distributional shape

A

Describes the symmetry, direcion of skew if asymmetric, modality (number of peaks), and kurtosis (steepness of peaks).Note: descriptors of shape are unreliable whn data sets are small and moderate in size.

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22
Q

Equipose

A

Balance doubt between benefits and risks

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23
Q

Explanatory Variable (Independent Variable/Factor)

A

The exposure being investigated in a comparative study

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24
Q

Factors

A

Explanatory variables

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25
Q

Frequency Distributions

A

Tells us how often various values occur in a batch of numbers

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26
Q

Frequency tables

A

List frequencies (counts), relative frequencies (proportions), and cumulative frequencies (proportion of values up to and including the current value). Quantativative data may first need to be grouped into class intervals before tallying frequencies.

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27
Q

GIGO

A

“Garbage In, Garbage Out”

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28
Q

How are categorical variables displayed?

A

Bar or Pie chart

29
Q

Imprecision

A

Inability to get the same result upon repetition

30
Q

Infer

A

Deduce or conclude based on evidence

31
Q

Inferential statistics

A

consists of a set of statistical techniques that provide predictions about the population based on information in a sample from that population

32
Q

Interaction

A

When multiple factors produce an effect that would otherwise not be predicted

33
Q

Location

A

References the distribution’s center. Measured by mean and median

34
Q

Lower outside value

A

Values below the lower fence

35
Q

Lurking variables

A

Extraneous factors that influence the explanatory variables’ response variable

36
Q

Measurement

A

Assigned numbers or codes according to prior-set rules

37
Q

Multistage sampling

A

Large units are chosen at random. Subunits are sampled in successive stages.

38
Q

Nonexperimental Studies

A

“observational study”. The investigator merely classifies individuals as exposed or nonexposed without intervention

39
Q

Nonresponse bias

A

Nonresponse bias is the bias that results when respondents differ in meaningful ways from nonrespondents.

Nonresponse is often problem with mail surveys, where the response rate can be very low.

Occurs when a large percentage of individuals refuse to participate in a survey or cannot otherwise be contacted.

40
Q

Objectivity

A

The intent to measure things as they are without shaping them to conform to a preconceived worldview

41
Q

Observation

A

A unit upon which measurements are made (e.g. individuals). Data from observations are stored in rows of data tables

42
Q

Placebo

A

an inert or innocuous intervention

43
Q

Population

A

A group of people

44
Q

Precision

A

Ability to be replicated

45
Q

Probablity Sample

A

A sample in which each member of the population has a known probablity of entering the sample

46
Q

Resistance

A

Ability to remain relatively consistent when outliers are present

47
Q

Response Variable

A

The outcome of a study

48
Q

Sample

A

A subset of a population

49
Q

Sampling frame

A

The actual set of units from which a sample has been drawn.

50
Q

Sampling Independence

A

Independent samples are those samples selected from the same population, or different populations, which have no effect on one another. That is, no correlation exists between the samples.

51
Q

Simple Random Sample (SRS)

A

A probability sample in which each population member has the same chance of entering the sample

52
Q

Spread

A

Refers to the extent to which values are dispersed.

53
Q

Stem-and-leaf Plot

A

The stem on a stemplot represents a number line with “bins”. Leaves represent the following significant digits value.

Excellent way to explore the shape, location and spread of distribution.

54
Q

Stratified Random Sample

A

A sample that draws independent SRSs from within relatively homogenous groups or “strata”.

Ex. Population divided into 5 year age blocks (0-4, 5-9, 10-14, etc.)

55
Q

Surveys

A

Designed to quantify population characteristics

56
Q

The Normal Rule

A

When there is Normal distribution:
68% of the data points will lie within one SD of the mean.
95% of the data points will lie within two standard deviations of the mean.
99.7% of the data points lie within three standard deviations of the mean.

57
Q

The three measures of central location

A

Mean, Median, Mode

58
Q

Treatment

A

A specific set of factors applied to study subjects

59
Q

Trials

A

Experiment involving human subjects

60
Q

Types of Comparative Studies

A

Experimental studies permit the investigator to assign study exposures to study subjects

Observational studies- do not permit the assignment of exposures to study subjects

61
Q

Types of Statisical Studies

A
  1. Surveys
  2. Comparative Studies
    • Experimental
    • Observational
62
Q

Undercoverage

A

When some groups in the source population are left out or are underrepresented. Can cause bias

63
Q

Upper outside value

A

values above the upper fence

64
Q

Valid

A

When somthing is unbiased. It is not over or under estimated when compared to the true value

65
Q

Validity

A

Ability to objectivley identify the true nature of the observation

66
Q

Values

A

Realized measurements. For example, the value for the variable “AGE” for observation #1 is “32”. Values are stored in table cells

67
Q

Variables

A

Characteristics which are measured such as age, gender or disease status. Data from variables form columns of data tables

68
Q

Volunteer Bias

A

Can occur because self-selected participants of a survey tend to be atypical of the population

Biostat 601 (4 decks)

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