BIOSTAT Flashcards
It is data collected for another purpose by other individuals or organizations.
Secondary data
What are the Examples of secondary data ?
Ex:
birth and death certificates, population census records, patient medical records, disease registries, insurance claim forms and billing records, public health department case reports, and surveys of individuals and households. Methods of collecting data includes: Questionnaire,
It is the original data collected for a specific purpose by or for an investigator.
Primary Data
example of primary data are?
an epidemiologist may collect primary data by interviewing people who became ill after eating at a restaurant in order to identify which specific foods were consumed. Collecting primary data is expensive and time-consuming, and it usually is undertaken only when secondary data is not available.
Epidemiologists use ______ and_______ sources to calculate rates and conduct studies.
Primary and secondary data
Defined as the number of deaths assigned to given cause in a certain period divided by the number of cases of the diseases reported during the same period with a quotient multiplied by 100.
Example: United States, 1988- Reported number of male AIDS cases: 27, 598
Death from the disease: 13,886
CFP= x 100=3% mortality among reported AIDS cases
Case Fatality Proportion
defined as the number of existing cases of a given disease at given time divided by the population at that time with the quotient multiplied by 100, 000. Example: California, 1987- Number of men alive with AIDS: 27, 598
Population- 120, 203, 000 men
PP = AIDS cases per 100,000.
Prevalence Proportions
defined as the number of newly reported cases of a given disease in a calendar year, divided by the population on July 1 of that year with the quotient multiplied by convenient factor usually 100,000.
Example: California, 1987-Newly cases of age reported to the state health
department: 4878
Population: 27,663,000
IR= new cases of AIDS per 100,000 pop. Per year.
Incident Rate
Less precisely recorded than mortality. Such data are difficult to analyzed but they are nonetheless useful in program planning and evaluation.
MEASURES OF MORBIDITY
Defined as the number of live births in calendar year divided by the number of women ages 15-44 years old at midyear with the quotient multiplied by 1000.
Example: United States, 1987-Live births: 3,829,00
No. Of women ages 15-44:58,012,000
GFR= live births per 1000 women ages 15-44 per year.
General Fertility Rate
defined as the number of live births in a calendar year divided by the population on July 1 of that year, with quotient multiplied by 1000.
Example: California, 1987- Live birth: 494, 053
Population: 27,663,000
CBR = live birth per 1000 population that year.
Crude Birth Rate
Considered indispensable when approaching population control problems. The two most common measures of fertility are the crude birth rate and general fertility rate.
MEASURES OF FERTILITY
defined as the number of fetal plus neonatal deaths divided by the number of live birth plus fetal death, with the quotient multiply by 1000.
Example: California, 1987- Fetal Deaths: 3477
Neonatal Death- 2780
Perinatal Mortality Proportion
Defined as delivery of the fetus that shows no evident of life. It is defined as the number of fatal death in a calendar year divided by the number of live birth in that calendar year, with the quotient multiplied by 1000.
Example: California, 1987- Fetal deaths: 3477
Live birth: 494,053
FTR x1000=7.0 fetal deaths per 1000 live birth Live birth: 494, 053
Fatal Death Ratio
Defined as the number of deaths of persons of ages 0-1 in a calendar year divided by the number of live births in that year, with the quotient multiplied by 1,000.
Example: California, 1987- Live birth: 494, 05
Infant death: 4,546
IMR = infant deaths per 1000 live births per year.
Infant Mortality Rate
Is defined as the number of deaths assigned to puerperal causes (related to childbearing) in a calendar year divided by the number of live births in that year with the quotient multiplied by 100,000.
Example: United States, 1987- death assigned to puerperal cause: 253
Live birth: 3, 829,000.
MMR= maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
Maternal Mortality Ratio
Is defined as the number of deaths assigned to specific cause in a calendar year divided by the total number of deaths in that year, with the quotient multiplied by 100.
Example: United States, 1987- total deaths from all causes: 2,123, 000
Death with assigned malignant neoplasm: 476, 927
PMR = x100=22.5% of total deaths per year from malignant neoplasm.
Proportional Mortality Ratio
is one of many possible examples of how the idea of specific death rates maybe extended simultaneously to cover two characteristics.
Example: India, 1988-
Cause: Accident white male population- 100,589,000
Non-white male population- 17,942,000
Cause-Race- Specific Death Rate
Defined as the number of deaths assigned to specific cause in a calendar year divided by the population on July 1 of that year, with quotient multiplied by 100,000.
Example: Philippines, 1990- Cause: Accident
Population: 243, 827,000
Deaths: 94 840
CSDR = x 100,000= 38.9 deaths per 100,000 pop. Accidental death. 94,840
Cause-Specific Death Rate
is defined as the number of deaths in a specific age group in a calendar year divided by the population of the same age group on July 1 of that year, with the quotient multiplied by 1000.
Example: United State, 1987
Age group: 25-34 years old population-43,513,000
No. of deaths: 57, 701
ASDR = x 1000= 1.3 deaths per 1000 population.
Age Specific Death Rate
is defined as the number of deaths in a calendar year divided by the population on July 1 in that year.
Example: California, 1987-27, 663,000
Deaths- 210,171
ACDRx1000= 7.6 death per 1000 population per year.
Annual Crude Death Rate
refer to number of deaths.
MORTALITY
describes the population characteristics. Example: Population size and how it changes over time. Its composition by age, sex, income, and occupation.
✓ Demographic Data
expresses the relationship between two ratios that are equal.
✓ Proportions
use to describe the relationship between 2 numerical quantities or measure of event or place.
✓ Ratio
shows the relationship between a vital and those persons exposed to the occurrence of the said events. The number of persons experiencing the event (numerator) must come from the total population exposed to the risk of same event (denominator). In Symbol
Where:
r= rate
a= no. Of persons experiencing a particular event during the given period
(a+b)= no. Of persons who are at risk of experiencing a particular event during the same period.
t= total time at risk
c= multiplier such as 1000
✓ Rate
Indices of the health and illness status of a community, and serves as basis for planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating community health nursing programs and service.
✓ Uses of Statistics
is an information about vital events.
-Example: Births, Deaths, Marriage, and Divorce. Morbidity (statistic of disease) and mortality (statistic of death) are the two events registered in the office of local registrar of the municipal or in the registrar of the city.
✓ Vital Statistics Data
refers to the systematic study of vital events.
✓ Vital Statistic
is the study of the accurence, and distribution of
✓ Epidemology
aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects. This is done by helping people manage long-term, often complex ,health problem and injuries (e.g., chronic disease, permanent impairments) in order to improve as much as possible their ability to functions, their quality of life and their life expectancy. Examples includes cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs, chronic disease management programs, (e.g., for diabetes, arthritis, depression , etc.) support groups that allow members to share strategies for living well vocational rehabilitation programs to retrain workers for new jobs when they have recorders as much as possible.
✓ TERTIARY PREVENTION
aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred. This is done by detecting and treating disease and injury as soon as possible to halt or slow its progress, encouraging personal strategies to prevent reinjury and recurrence and implementing programs to return people to their original health and function to prevent long term problems. Examples include regular exams and screening tests to detect disease in its earliest stages(e.g., mammograms to detect breast cancer) daily, low-dose aspirins and / or diet and exercise programs to prevent further heart attacks or strokes suitability modified work so injured or ill workers can return safely to their jobs.
✓ SECONDARY PREVENTION
to ban or control the use of hazardous products: (e.g., asbestos) or to mandate safe and healthy practices (e.g., use of seatbelts and bike, helment) , education about healthy and safe habits (e.g., eating well, exercising regularly and not smoking) immunization against infectious disease.
✓ LEGISLATION and ENFORCEMENT
aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs. This is done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury, altering unhealthy or unsafe behavior that can lead to disease or injury and increasing resistance to disease or injury should exposure occur. example include:
✓ PRIMARY
✓ _______ includes a wide range of activities- known as “_______“ - aimed at reducing risks or threats to health. You may have heard researchers and health experts talk about three categories about prevention: PRIMARY, SECONDARY and TERTIARY. What do they mean by these term?
✓ Prevention
“interventions “
✓ _______ aren’t caused by outside organisms but by genetics, anatomical differences, getting older and the environment you live in. Some examples are : diabetes, heart disease, strokes.
✓ Non infectious diseases
_______ are caused by harmful organisms that get into your body from the outside, like viruses and bacteria. Some examples; chickenpox, coronavirus and chikunguya.
✓ Infectious disease
What are three majors links in disease occurrence:
the etiologic agent, the method of transmission ( by contact, by a common vehicle, or via air or via vector), and the host.
________(link is external and opens in a new window) such as water supply, food, air, quality and sanitation facilities can catalyze the spread of infectious disease.
✓ A number of environmental factors
_____( link is external and opens in a window) such as storms, earthquakes and droughts can lead to high disease transmission.
✓ The social aftermath of disasters
( link is external and opens in a new window.) for example Minamata is a disease contracted after exposure to mercury.
✓ Exposure to chemicals or radioactive materials
_____(Link is external and opens in a new window) for example, whooping cough occurs in spring, whereas measles tends to appear in a winter season.
✓ Weather conditions
_____ exists when there are more cases of a particular disease than expected in a given area, or among a specific group of people, over a particular period of time, the disease doesn’t necessarily to be contagious like; West Nile Fever and the rapid increase in obesity rates are also considered epidemics. Epidemics can refer to a disease or other specific health-related behavior (e.g., smoking) with rates that are clearly above the expected occurrence in a community or region.
EPIDEMICS
_____when a population has a high level of disease all the time or when it is consistently present but limited to a particular region. This makes the disease spread and rates predictable. Malaria, for example, is considered endemic in certain countries and regions.
ENDEMIC
_______ when a disease’s growth is exponential. This means the growth rate skyrockets, and each day cases grow more that the day prior. In being declared a pandemic, the virus has nothing to do with virology, population immunity, or disease severity. It means a virus covers a wide area, affecting several countries and populations.
PANDEMIC
The ____ defines pandemics, epidemics and endemic disease based on a disease’s rate of spread. Thus, the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic isn’t in the severity of the disease, but the degree to which it has spread.
WHO
Disease-causing microbes are
bacteria, virus, fungi, and protozoa( a type of parasite).
_______, or those external factors that causes or allow disease transmission ( the “where” of the triangle).
ENVIRONMENT
_____ , or organism harboring the disease ( the “who” of the triangle)
HOST
_____ , or microbe that causes the disease, (the “what” of the triangle)
Agent
✓ The triangle has three corners called?
vertices
✓ A disease is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific signs and symptoms.
(Wikipedia)
✓ A disease is a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal or plant especially one that has a known cause and a distinctive group of symptoms , signs, or anatomical changes.
(Dictionary)
✓ Disease causation is the relationship between a disease and its cause. A disease may have multiple causes, which can be categorized as either direct or indirect.
✓ In Webster dictionary, the cause refers to something which has an effect.
Examples: smoking, eating junk foods, drinking liquors, etc.
✓ In epidemiology, cause can be considered to be something that alters the frequency of disease, health & production status or associated factors in the population.
✓ Disease causation is the relationship between a disease and its cause. A disease may have multiple causes, which can be categorized as either direct or indirect.
✓ In Webster dictionary, the cause refers to something which has an effect.
Examples: smoking, eating junk foods, drinking liquors, etc.
✓ In epidemiology, cause can be considered to be something that alters the frequency of disease, health & production status or associated factors in the population.
✓ ______ is the study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why. Epidemiological information is used to plan and evaluate strategies to prevent illness and as a guide to the management of patients in whom disease has already developed.
✓ Epidemiology
✓_____ is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
✓ Epidemiology
✓ The word epidemiology comes from the Greek words epi, meaning ____ or ____, demos, meaning _____, and logos, meaning ____. In other words, the word epidemiology has its roots in the study of what befalls a population.
✓ Greek words epi, meaning on or upon, demos, meaning people, and logos, meaning the study of.
