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energy and matter > biosphere stuff > Flashcards

biosphere stuff Flashcards

1
Q

ecology 3

A
  • the study of living organisms in the natural environment
  • how these organisms interact w one another
  • how they interact w their non living environment
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2
Q

dynamic equilibrium and earth’s components 2

A
  • the earth is described as a dynamic equilibrium, meaning that changes are continuously occurring in the system
  • however, the components of the system have the ability to adjust to these changes without disturbing the entire system.
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3
Q

what is the biosphere? what does it include (areas kinda)

A
  • it is a narrow zone surrounding the Earth that has life.
  • includes lithosphere (land), hydrosphere (water), and atmosphere (air)
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4
Q

biotic vs abiotic components

A

biotic- living
abiotic- non-living

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5
Q

biotic ex and abiotic ex

A

biotic
- organic matter
- living things
- oysters
- zooplankton
- phytoplankton

abiotic
- climate
- temp
- sunlight
- soil
- humidity
- nutrient enrichment

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6
Q

matter vs energy

A

matter- everything that takes up space and has MASS
energy - the capacity to do work

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7
Q

matter and energy relationships

A
  • matter and energy are essential components of the universe and living organisms
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8
Q

the biosphere is composed of a variety of ecosystems. each ecosystem has a STRUCTURE based on… 2

A
  • energy flows
  • matter cycles
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9
Q

biodiversity

A

a number of SPECIES in an ecosystem

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10
Q

population

A

groups of individuals of the SAME SPECIES. in the same AREA and the same TIME.

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11
Q

community

A

all the POPULATIONS (groups of same species) in an area

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12
Q

ecosystem

A

a unit of the biosphere including both a/biotic factors

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13
Q

what do all organisms need in order to live

A

energy

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14
Q

need for energy - photosynthesis 2

A
  • energy is STORED through this process
  • use the sun’s light energy to chemically convert carbon into carbohydrates
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15
Q

need for energy- cellular resp

A

animals, plants, and other species of organisms RELEASE energy this way

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16
Q

what is the ultimate source of energy? how much of the suns radiant energy reaches earth everyday?

A

-the sun
- about 10^22J

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17
Q

how is energy stored on earth

A
  • energy is stored in ENERGY-RICH MOLECULES , like glucose and other carbohydrates, during the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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18
Q

how is enegry balanced on earth

A
  • the balance of enegry on earth is between the STORAGE of energy-rich molecules and the USE of them. we see this through photosynthesis and cellular resp, which are complementary processes
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19
Q

how is energy involved w photosynthesis

A

plants convert LIGHT ENERGY into FOOD

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20
Q

how is energy involved w cellular resp

A

organisms convert CARBOHYDRATES into ENERGY

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21
Q

during CR, what kind of energy exits the ecosystem?

during photosynthesis, what kind of energy emters the ecosystem?

A
  • heat energy
  • light energy
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22
Q

chemosynthesis 2

A
  • occurs in bacteria and other organisms. involves the use of energy RELEASED by INORGANIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS to produce food.
  • all chemosynthetic organisms use the energy released by CHEMICAL REACTIONS to make sugar, but different species use different pathways.
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23
Q

ex of chemosynthesis at hydrothermal vents

A

vent bacteria OXIDIZE hydrogen sulfide, add co2, and produce..

sugar sulfur and h2o

CO2 + 4H2S + O2&raquo_space; CH20 + 4S + 3H2O
CO2 + hydrogen sulfide + O2 > sugar + sulfur + 3H2O

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24
Q

what are in the 1-4 trophic levels? (ecosystem ENERGY flow)

A

SUN
1. biggest level cus it consists of the most energy. has producers (autotrophs)
2. herbivores (PRIMARY CONSUMERS). eat plants
3. carnivores (SECONDARY consumers). eat animals
4. carnivores (TERTIARY CONSUMERS)

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25
Q

trophic level

A

how far an organism is from the original energy source ( its feeding behavior). the original energy source for plants is the sun. for chemoautotrophs, its nonorganic energy sources.

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26
Q

autotrophs (producers) 3

A
  1. get energy from sunlight (photoautotroph) or nonorganic energy sources (chemoautotrophs)
  2. convert inorganic compounds (energy/light?) to organic forms (food)
  3. are the first trophic level in an ecosystem. supports all other organisms.
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27
Q

CHEMOautotroph 3.5

A
  • they use other molecules (hydrogen sulfide, ammonia) to produce their food instead of the sun like photoautotrophs do
  • they live deep underwater, in the soil, ocean floor
  • this energy is emitted from HYDROTHERMAL vents near the edges of Earth’s crustal plates (ex: tube worms: survive on energy from bacteria)
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28
Q

how do heterotrophs (consumers) get their energy

A

they are organisms that derive their energy by consuming other organisms

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29
Q

primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers

A

primary: herbivores, only eat plants
secondary and tertiary: carnivores (eat animals) and omnivores (animals that eat both producers and consumers)

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30
Q

decomposers

A

an organism that breaks down organic wastes and the remains of dead organisms into simpler compounds such as co2, ammonia, and water (ex fungi)

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31
Q

scavenger

A

an organism that feeds on dead organisms or the wastes of organisms (vulture, seagull)

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32
Q

detritus

A

a dead particulate organic material (NOT DISSOLVED organic material). it typically includes the bodies or fragments of dead organisms as well as fecal material

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33
Q

detritivores

A

HETEROTROPHS that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (worms)

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34
Q

food chain. what does it show?

A

food chain: a linear illustration that represents the step sequence of who eats whom in the biosphere. used to show energy transfers or cycling of matter through the biosphere

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35
Q

food web

A

a series of INTERLOCKING food chains. more accurately represents energy pathways.
- a food web consists of ALL the food chains in a single ECOSYSTEM. each living thing in an ecosystem is part of MULTIPLE food chains. each food chain is one possible path that energy and nutrients may take as they move through the ecosystem.

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36
Q

what trophic levels do parasites, scavengers, and decomposers feed on?

A

all trophic levels (1-4)

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37
Q

terrestrial vs aquatic ecosystems

A

terrestrial: land based
aquatic: water based

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38
Q

what is the food web of a STABLE ECOSYSTEM?

A

most stable ecosystems have COMPLEX and WELL DEVELOPED food webs. the removal of one of its organisms may have little effect

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39
Q

when do an ecosystem’s food web begin to look like food chains?

A
  • when abiotic factors limit the number of organisms, food webs begin to look more like food chains
  • the lower the biodiversity (# of species), the simpler the food web and the ore vulnerable each organism is to changes in the ecosystem
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40
Q

what best explains the behaviour of energy

A

the laws of thermodynamics

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41
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created of destroyed, only changed from one form to another

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42
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

with each successive energy transfer, less energy is available to do work (energy is LOST). in biological systems, this “waste” energy is often HEAT

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43
Q

how much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next

A

around 10%. rest is lost as heat and used during cr

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44
Q

pyramid of numbers #

does it only have one shape?

A
  • the number of animals in each trophic level in an ecosystem
  • this type of pyramid can have a variety of shapes depending on the food web.
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45
Q

what organism always remains the highest in numbers regarding the pyramid of numbers

A

in a grassland, the pyramid is upright. in a forest, it is usually inverted or partly upright. in an aquatic, it is upright.

grassland: there is lots of grass and the number of herbivores it feeds are lesser number

forest: one tree can support lots of parasites and birds, since it is very large. there are large birds that soon feed on these animals in the above trophic level

aquatic: there are plenty of phytoplankton and less fish that feed on it

basically the bigger the consumer or organism, the less in numbers it is going to be in.

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46
Q

pyramids of biomass 2

A

biomass- the dry mass of the living or once-living organisms per unit area
- are good indicators of the amount of energy present in the living tissues

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47
Q

shapes for pyramids of biomass

A

in a land ecosystem (grassland and forest), the pyramid will be upright. in a pond or aquatic ecosystem, the pyramid will be inverted because phytoplankton are small.

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48
Q

pyramid of energy

A

total energy that is transferred through each trophic level
- is it ALWAYS upright, as there must be more energy at the bottom of the pyramid

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48
Q

pyramid of energy

A

total energy that is transferred through each trophic level
- is it ALWAYS upright, as there must be more energy at the bottom of the pyramid

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48
Q

pyramid of energy

A

total energy that is transferred through each trophic level
- is it ALWAYS upright, as there must be more energy at the bottom of the pyramid

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49
Q

could we feed a larger population of humans if we only ate plants

A

yes. this is because most of the energy in ecosystems is stored in primary producers. only about 10 percent of the energy at one energy level passes to the next trophic level, therefore less individuals can be fed at higher levels.

basically we just get more energy from plants than cattle

50
Q

is energy and matter lost or recycles

A

energy is lost matter is recycled

51
Q

closed system

A

nothing enters of leaves the ecosystem. earth is a closed system, as only energy enters and leaves. (of course besides occasional meteors)

52
Q

extinct

A

a species formerly INDIGENOUS to vanada that no longer exists anywhere

53
Q

extirpated

A

a species no longer existing in the wild in Canada but occurring somewhere else in the world

54
Q

endangered

A

a species threatened with imminent extinction or extirpation throughout all or a significant portion of its Canadian range

55
Q

threatened species

A

a species likely to become endangered in Canada if the factors affecting its vulnerability are not reversed

56
Q

vulnerable

A

a species particularly at risk because of low or declining numbers, small ranger, or for some other reason, bt not a threatened species

57
Q

why are frogs important 3

A
  • frogs are an indicator species, meaning they can provide early warning that the balance of an ecosystem is changing.
    why
  • because they live in 2 ecosystems
  • they are also an integral and essential part of multiple food chains as both adults and tadpoles
58
Q

why are frogs in danger? how many of them are in danger in NA
1 + 4

A
  • about 30% of NA’s frogs and toads are in trouble
    due to..
  • loss of habitat
  • air and water quality
  • climate change
  • uv radiation
59
Q

what is carbon
found where 3

A
  • carbon is an element (C). it ios the basis of life on earth
    found in
  • rocks
  • occeans
  • atmosphere
60
Q

how is carbon used by earth

A
  • the saame carbon atoms are used repeatedly on earth. they cycle between the earth and atmosphere
61
Q

how do plants use carbon 2

A
  • plants pull co2 from the atmosphere and use it to make food (photosynthesis)
  • the carbon becomes part of the plant (stored food)
62
Q

how do animals take in carbo

A

when organisms eat plants, they take in the carbon and some of it becomes part of their own bodies.

63
Q

what happens when plants and animals die? carbon? 2

A
  • when plants and animals die, most of their bodies are decomposed and carbon atoms are returned to the atmosphere
  • some are not decomposed fully and end up in deposits underground (oil, coal, etc)
64
Q

how does carbon return to the atmosphere slowly 3

A
  • carbon in rocks and underground deposits is released very slowly into the atmosphere
  • weathering releases carbon into the atmosphere
  • this process may take many years
65
Q

draw carbn cycke

A
66
Q

carbon sink

A

additional carbon is stored in the oceam. absorbs carbon from the air.

67
Q

what part of the world contains the largest store of carbo

A

the ocean

68
Q

how is carbon used in the ocean? how does more carbon go in there

A
  • many animals pull carbon from water to use in shells and etc
  • animals die and carbon substances are deposited at the bottom of the ocean
69
Q

when is carbon removed from the atmosphere? when is it taken back? 2&2

A

taken from:
- land uptake
- ocean uptake

taken back:
- land use (CR)
- fossil fuels

70
Q

components of the carbon cycle 7

A
  1. C in the atmosphere
  2. plants take in carbon to produce carbs photosynthesis
  3. plants are eaten by animals
  4. plants and animals release C by undergoing respiration
  5. carbon in the ground in decaying matter and waste
  6. carbon in the decaying matter and waste. most specifically in coal and oil in the ground
  7. carbon is released when fossil fuels are burned
71
Q

how does human impact affect the carbon/o2 cycle 5

A
  • fossil fuels release carbon stores very slowly. burning anything releases more carbon into the atmosphere, esp fossil fuels.
  • humans cause deforestation
  • increased carbon dioxide in atmosphere increases global warming
  • fewer plants mean ess co2 removed from the atmosphere
  • humans impact the o2 cycle by producing halocarbons that impact the ozone (o3) layer
72
Q

uses of nitrogen 2

A
  • in DNA
  • to make proteins
73
Q

albedo

A

the amount of radiation reflected by a surface. higher the albedo, the less energy absorbed. the lower, the more

74
Q

how much albedo makes up the atmosphere

A

78%

75
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

some bacteria can convert nitrogen GAS into ammonium (NH4)

76
Q

ammonification 2

(+nitrification??)

A

ammonium is also produced when decomposers break down organic matter
- some bacteria can convert the ammonium into nitrite NO2 and nitrate NO3 (nitrification???)

77
Q

denitrification

A

denitifyiong bacteria complete the nitrogen cycle by converting nitrite or nitrate back into nitrogen gas. this occurs in environments where there is little o2

78
Q

nitrogen cycle steps 6

A
  1. nitrogen fixation. nitrogen gas is converted into ammonium (NH4) by nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in legume root nodules. also nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria
  2. ammonification. when organic waste (dead bodies or feces) is decomposed by decomposers (an/aerobic bacteria and fungi) and is covered to ammonium.
  3. nitrification. when nitrifying bacteria converts ammonium into nitrites (NO2) then into nitrate (NO3).
  4. denitrification. when denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas.
  5. assimilation. when plants take nitrate (+ammonium?) made by notification
  6. lighting that goes into the soil turns into nitrates (NO3)
79
Q

where is nitrogen-fixing bacteria found? type of relationship?

A

it is found in lumps on the roots called root nodules.
- the bacteria and the plant have a symbiotic relationship: the bacteria benefits by having food and shelter from the plant and the plant benefits by having nitrates produced by the bacteria

80
Q

what disrupts the nitrogen cycle and why/how 2

A

fossil fuels are disrupting the nitrogen cycle by altering the amount of nitrogen that is stored in the atmosphere. fossil fuel combustion releases nitric oxide into the air that combines with other elements to form smog and acid rain.
- use of fertilizer also disrupts the cycle because it increases plant growth on land and in the water.

81
Q

use for phosphorous 4

A
  • part of DNA and ATP
  • for bones and teeth
  • available in limited quantities
  • must consume phosphorous by consuming milk, grain, and meat
82
Q

how do plants and algae use phosphorous

A

they can only use phosphorous as PHOSPHATE (PO4) which dissolves in water

83
Q

phosphorous cycle

A

it is long and slow, but an important part of the environment. it helps plants grow and is used by farmers to fertilize them.

84
Q

phosphorous cycle steps

A
  1. weathering of rocks
  2. absorption by plants (farming, fertilizerss) and animals (eating plants)
  3. when animals die, phosphorous is released back into the soil when their body decays (decomposition). the phosphorous from their corpse ends up in plants and what isn’t absorbed by plants ends up in rocks.
  4. phosphate in soil and from runoff goes to the ocean, where phosphate is dissolved. detritus go to the bottom of the ocean and sedimentation forms new rocks
  5. geological uplift lifts these new sediments make the rocks go up to the top of mountains
85
Q

which cycle is not involved with the atmosphere and why

A

the phosphoroud cycle because it does not naturally form a gas.=

86
Q

what promotes eutrophication and algal blooms and what does it cause to the life of the water

A

spring runoff of N and P, from fertilized soils, into lakes promotes aquatic growth (blooms) and amount of phytoplankton. this decreases O2 levels in lakes > decomposing bacteria use O2 > lake o2 levels decrease and fish begin to die

algal blooms block sunlight and consumes more o2 (in the dark) than they produce during daylight

87
Q

phosphorous in the hydrosphere 2

A
  • phosphorous usually enters the hydrosphere by the phosphate salt rocks found on the ocean floor. as the water erodes them away, the phosphorous escapes.
  • marine organisms take some of the phosphorous particles in order to live and grow``
88
Q

phosphorous in the lithosphere 3

A
  • phosphorous is presented in the form of rocks and soil
  • PHOSPHATES go down to the bottom of the ocean and form rocks over millions of years
  • phosphates enter the soil when plant and animal matter decompose. the cycle then repeats.
89
Q

negatives to excessive phosphorous in water supplies 3

A
  • algal blooms
  • clog our water pipes and filters
  • interfere w human activities like swimming and fishing
90
Q

water properties 4

A
  • universal solvent
  • polar molecule (+ve end and -ve end)
  • weak hydrogen bond between water molecules
  • dissolves a wide variety of substances
91
Q

is solid gas or liquid the most dense

A

solid

92
Q

how much energy is needed to form and break bonds between water molecules

A

a large amount of energy. important for our climate

93
Q

hydrogen bonding and density of water

A

hydrogen bonding explains the density of water (bonds hold the molecule in an open form when frozen)

94
Q

phase change diagram. L > R heat is added

A

goes upwards but the change pauses during solid - liquid and liquid - gas

95
Q

cohesion vs adhesion

A

cohesion- hydrogen bonding causes cohesion. attraction of water molecules to each other.

adhesion- attraction of water molecules to other substances (ex glass)

96
Q

water storing heat use 3

A
  • watrer has very high heat capacity
  • importasnt for organisms with a high concentration of water to maintain a constant internal temperature
  • important for large bodies of water to moderate effect on climate
97
Q

pH stuff

A

pH = -log[H+]

log scale means 10X change per unit

Less than 7- acidic
7- neutral
more than 7- base

98
Q

what does the water cycle do for living organisms

A

metabolic activities in plants and animals

99
Q

human impact to the water cycle2

A

drought and water quality

100
Q

acid deposition and human impact

A
  • when fossil fuels and metal ores are burned, sulfur dioxide is produced. nitrogen oxides are also a by-product
  • produces acid rain, which changes the pH of water, which affects living things as well as leaches nutrients from the soil
101
Q

what exploits cohesion of water molecules

A

it is exploited by plants and animals

102
Q

what does lower density of ice cause it to do

A

the lower density of ice causes it to float and insulate the water below

when ice is frozen, molecules are not as packed together as it is in liquid

103
Q

what does the polarity of water cause

A

causes it to dissolve other polar molecules

104
Q

non-polar compounds adn water

A

they are hydrophobic and cannot easily dissolve in water

105
Q

what happens to solutions when hydrogen ions are removes

A

it changes the pH of the solution

106
Q

how much of water is of the cells mass

A

60%

107
Q

what takes place in water

A

metabolic reactions (the total of all chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism to produce energy and basic materials needed for important life processes)

108
Q

productivity

A

rate at which an exosystems producers capture and store energy over a period of time (rate of formation of biomass)

109
Q

RATE at which organisms produce new BIOMASS depends on many variables 3

A
  • # of producers
  • amount of heat and light
  • rainfall
110
Q

productivity in a desert exosystem.. limited by what 3

A

it is limited by precipitation, nutrient availability (esp nitrogen), and the species’ production potential. Plant biomass provides food for consumers that occupy several trophic levels

111
Q

productivity in a rainforest

A

the terrestrial biome with the highest level of primary productivity is the tropical rainforest biome.
- w long days of sunlight, high temps and higher precipitation, rainforests have a high rate of productivity

112
Q

productivity in the ocean

A

depends onthe available nutrients and sunlight. the ocean receives nutrients at the mouths of large rivers and upwelling zones. nutrients are RELEASED during the seasonal meeting of ice

113
Q

was there more o2 or co2 in the past

A

throughout earth’s history, the amount of co2 and o2 varied.

there was LESS o2 and MORE co2

114
Q

how did the amount of o2 and co2 change throughout history?

A

with an increase in cyanobacteria and other photosynthetic organisms, the amount of o2 increased and the co2 decreased in the atmosphere

115
Q

stromatolites

A

they are evidence of atmospheric conditions.
- they are microbial reeefs created by CYANOBACTERIA (formerly known as blue-green algae).
- these deposits build up very slowly: a single 1m structure may be 2k-3k yrso

116
Q

how much of air was o2 before cyanobacteria? what chanegd

A

1%. then, for 2B yrs, our photosynthesising stromatolites pumped o2 into the oceans

117
Q

patterns on the stromatolites

black bands?

what happened after iron was all used up

A
  • black bands indicated iron oxide. once the algae had used up all the iron in the ocean, the o2 produced by the algae could then accumulate in the ocean and escape to the atmosphere
118
Q

chemosynthesis.. where do they occur

A

the process in which FUNGI and BACTERIA can produce energy from chemicals, such as sulfur, to make carbs (sugar) without sunlight
- they can occur deep in the ocean or near oceanic vents

119
Q

how are algae blooms caused by humans 4

A
  • deforestation
  • sewage
  • manur
  • fertilizers
120
Q

biomagnification 2

A

refers to the process where certain substances such as pesticides or heavu metals MOVE UP the FOOD CHAIN (animals eat other animals)
- these substances become concentrates in tissues or internal organs as they move up the food chin
- these subatcnes are very slowly metabolized or excreted

121
Q

bioaccumulation

A

refers tp when harmful substances accumulate in an organism’s body overtime

122
Q

dead zones

A

regions of a lake or oceans in which aquatic life has suffocated due to algal blooms.. approx 150 in oceans

123
Q

what causes dead zones

A
  • nutrients in soil exposed by deforestation
  • sewage
  • surface run off and snowmelt carrying manure/fertilizer

energy and matter (1 decks)

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