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BIoscience > Bioscience > Flashcards

Bioscience Flashcards

1
Q

Clavicle

A

Colar bone

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2
Q

Scapula

A

Shoulder bone/blade

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3
Q

Humerus

A

Upper arm bone

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4
Q
  • Radius
A

Bone to your thumb

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5
Q

Femur

A

Upper leg bone

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6
Q

Tibia

A

Bone to your big toe

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7
Q

What do you check on a newborn baby?

A

 Skull
 Clavicles
 Upper limbs
 Legs
 Spine
 Hips

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8
Q

acetabulum

A

the socket of the hip bone, into which the head of the femur fits.

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9
Q

Amniotomy marks

A

Small scratches on the baby. Check if the waters had to be broken during labour.

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10
Q

Scalpel marks

A

Need to be noted and pointed out to parents

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11
Q

Sturge-Weber syndrome

A

a congenital disorder which affects the skin, neological system, and eyes. No cure but not fatal.

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12
Q

Blue spots

A

Very common. Most disappear but some stay for life. Flat blue or blue/grey spots with an irregular shape that commonly appear at birth or soon after

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13
Q

Ventouse- chignon

A

a mark or swelling on babies delivered by ventouse

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14
Q

Port wine birth mark

A

won’t disappear when you press and release

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15
Q

strawberry hemangioma

A

Can be treated/shrunk with medication. A raised red skin growth may present at birth or develop during infancy. A hemangioma looks like a strawberry birthmark, but it’s a benign (noncancerous) tumour

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16
Q

Cafe au lait (cafe O laigh) (neurofibromatosis)

A

The development of benign growths. Note them down. If more than 5 refer to genetics and plastics.

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17
Q

Early Hemangioma

A

Can be treated/shrunk with medication.
Usually not spotted until a few weeks after the birth.

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18
Q

Nevus simplex

A

a birth mark that will eventually disappear. When pressed it will disappear and come back. This is how you differentiate between nervous simplex and a port wine stain.

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19
Q

sucking blister

A

a wound on the arm or upper arm caused by the baby sucking on its arm in utero. Will disappear in a day of two

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20
Q

Erythemia toxicum

A

Rash of the newborn. NO CREAMS. It usually appears in the first few days after birth and fades within a week. Up to half of all newborns will have erythema toxicum (air-uh-THEE-muh TOK-sih-kum)

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21
Q

What are the 4 types of pelvis?

A

gynecoid, android, anthropoid, and platypelloid

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22
Q

Gynecoid pelvis

A

Rounded, Generous,

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23
Q

Android pelvis

A

Heart-shaped, Narrow

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24
Q

Anthropoid pelvis

A

Long oval, narrowed

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25
Q

Platypelloid pelvis

A

Kidney-shaped, wide

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26
Q

Pelvic brim

A

Anteroposterior, 11cm
oblique, 12 cm
transverse, 13 cm

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27
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Anteroposterior, 12cm
oblique, 12 cm
transverse, 12 cm

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28
Q

Pelvic outlet

A

Anteroposterior, 13cm
oblique, 12 cm
transverse, 11 cm

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29
Q

Symphysis pubis

A

a joint sandwiched between your left pelvic bone and your right pelvic bone.

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30
Q

congenital

A

means: born with

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31
Q

retinoblastoma

A

malignant retinal tumour

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32
Q

coloboma

A

malformation of the eye

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33
Q

aniridia

A

absent iris

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34
Q

rubella

A

German measles. Spotty rash. Can cause baby to be born blind.
Can not be vaccinated while pregnant.

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35
Q

symmetry and clarity of the cornea

A

a term baby should be similar to the width of
the practitioner’s little finger-tip, the roundness
and symmetry of the pupils

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36
Q

red reflex

A

Checked in the NIPE exam and 6 weeks.
This is the normal reflection of white light from the back
of the eye which is seen as a red glow in the
the pupil on ophthalmoscopy and is like the redeye effect seen in flash photography.

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37
Q

Congenital cataracts

A

Checked in the NIPE exam and 6 weeks.
When the lens of the eye is cloudy instead of clear at birth, making it hard to see

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38
Q

Pavlik harness

A

is a soft splint. It is most commonly used for treating infants with developmental dysplasia of the hip

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39
Q

Hyperemesis gravidarum

A

Severe sickness in pregnancy. This does not just happen in the morning.

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40
Q

Reflux oesophagitis

A

an inflammation of the lining of the gullet (oesophagus).

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41
Q

Mendelson’s syndrome

A

When stomach acid enters the lungs. This damages the lung tissue.

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42
Q

LMP

A

Last menstrual period

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43
Q

EDD

A

Est. due date

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44
Q

Centile Chart

A

Plot weight, length and head circumference
against age. Worried if they are below the 2nd centile.

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45
Q

Plantar surface

A

The palms of the feet. There will be creases in full-term babies.

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46
Q

rugae

A

This is the fold of the skin on the baby. Important to check the hands, feet and ears for creases and folds to check a baby has been born term.

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47
Q

Kernicterus-Basal
ganglia

A

brain damage caused by Bilirubin. Can cause hearing loss and cerebral palsy.

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48
Q

albumin

A

Is a protein made by your liver.
*Bilirubin-red blood cell

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49
Q

Physiological jaundice

A

*Days 3-5
*Extrauterine life
*Intestine re-absorption of
bilirubin if not excreted

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50
Q

Bilirubinometer

A

Used to check if a baby is jaundice after 24 hours old

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51
Q

Bilirubin

A

Is a fat-soluble substance

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52
Q

SBR

A

Serum bilirubin rate.
A blood test to check if a baby is jaundice before 24 hours

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53
Q

Polycythaemia

A

having a high concentration of red blood cells in your blood.
This makes the blood thicker and less able to travel through blood vessels and organs.

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54
Q

HDFN -Haemolytic disease of the newborn
(rhesus disease)

A

Rhesus disease is a condition where antibodies in a pregnant woman’s blood destroy her baby’s blood cells. It’s also known as haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn (HDFN).

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55
Q

Conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia

A

Very rare
*Pale stools
*Dark urine
*Biliary atresia

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56
Q

Prolonged jaundice

A

when the yellowness of your baby’s skin and the whites of their eyes doesn’t fade after 2 weeks in a full-term baby, and after 3 weeks in a premature baby.

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57
Q

Visceral pain

A

– pain from the organs
(viscera) of the thoracic, pelvic, or
abdominal regions
*1st & 2nd stages of labour

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58
Q

Acute pain

A

has a specific cause, usually
from tissue damage, inflammation, or a
disease process.
It usually lasts a specific amount of time, fading as whatever caused the pain is healed or resolved

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59
Q

Somatic pain

A

pain experienced in the skin,
muscles, bones and joints
*1st & 2nd stages of labour

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60
Q

Chronic pain

A

when the sensation of pain
lasts more than 6 months

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61
Q

nociceptive pain

A

pain arising from tissue damage

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62
Q

neuropathic pain

A

pain arising from damage to the nervous system

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63
Q

‘other’ pain

A

Pain arising from neurological dysfunction, not damage. Eg. fibermialga

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64
Q

nociceptive receptors

A

pain receptors

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65
Q

Nociceptors

A

are nerve endings of small
myelinated ‘A delta nerve’ fibres and
unmyelinated, ‘C’ nerve fibres

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66
Q

A-delta fibres

A
  • “First” or “fast” pain is conducted by A-delta fibres which transmit quickly once stimulated
  • Instant, sharp and localised pain
    DO NOT respond or opioid painkillers - pethadone
    *1st & 2nd stages of labour
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67
Q

C fibres

A
  • “Second” pain is conducted by C fibres which transmit impulses more slowly
  • Dull, burning, aching, throbbing, more widespread pain
    *1st & 2nd stages of labour
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68
Q

spermatozoa

A

lives for 1-4 days

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69
Q

morula

A

8-16 cells. All the cells are the same and haven’t differentiated yet

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70
Q

ovum

A

the egg, before it is fertalized, ‘lives for less them 24 hours

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71
Q

trophoblast

A

the outside layer of cells, which will become the placenta

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72
Q

how many lobes in the right and left lung

A

3 on the right
2 on the left because the heart is on the left

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73
Q

Peak flow meter (PEF)

A

Measures how quickly you can blow air out of your lunks. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) is measured in litres per minute. Normal adult peak flow scores range between around 400 and 700 litres per minute

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74
Q

Bronchi

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Bronchodilatation-salbutamol
  • Broncho constriction
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75
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles (tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs). The alveoli are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

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76
Q

Pulse

A

is created when the left ventricle contracts,
causing a series of pressure of waves within the arteries.

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77
Q

Bradycardia

A

below 60 beats per minute

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78
Q

Tachycardia

A

above 100 beats per minute

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79
Q

Amplitude

A

Check on the pulse rate: weak, faint, thread, strong or bounding

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80
Q

Pulse rate

A

Average 60-80 beats per minute for adults

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81
Q

Ductus venosus

A

oxygenated blood is directed from the umbilical vein
directly to the inferior vena cava

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82
Q

Foramen ovale

A

situated between the atria, through which blood flows to
bypass the pulmonary circulation

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83
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

between the pulmonary arteries and the aorta, which further prevents blood flowing into the pulmonary circulation

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84
Q

Two hypogastric arteries

A

deoxygenated blood from the lower
extremities back through the umbilical arteries to the placenta

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85
Q

Slight hypoxia

A

Stimulates first breath
- due to the depression of placental
circulation during uterine contractions

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86
Q

Surfactant

A

A baby normally begins producing surfactant sometime between weeks 24 and 28 of pregnancy. Most babies produce enough to breathe normally by week 34.

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87
Q

Apgar score

A

*Heart rate
* Respiratory effort
* Muscle tone
* Response to stimuli
* Colour

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88
Q

Dimensions of a pregnant uterus

A

30L/23W/30D cm

Weight 1000g

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89
Q

dimensions of a normal uterus

A

7.5L/5W/2.5D cm

Weight 90g

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90
Q

pelvic cavity measurements

A

all 12cm

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91
Q

pelvic outlet measurements

A

Anterior/posterior: 13cm
oblique: 12cm
transverse: 11cm

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92
Q

functions of the pelvis

A

Locomotion (movement)
Childbirth

It supports your bladder, urethra, bowel, vagina, uterus, rectum and anus.

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93
Q

pelvic brim measurements

A

Anterior/posterior: 11cm
oblique: 12cm
transverse: 13cm

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94
Q

bones in the fetal skull

A

Parietal (back left and right)
Frontal bones (front left and right)
Occipital bone (very back of the head)

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95
Q

suturs in the fetal skull

A

Sagital (anterior/posterior)
lambdoid (back)
coroal (transverse)
metopic (top)

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96
Q

When do the fontanelle’s close

A

anterior = 18 months
posterior = 2 months

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97
Q

Caput succedaneum

A

Can cross suture lines.
Swelling of the scalp in a newborn. It is most often brought on by pressure from the uterus or vaginal wall during a head-first (vertex) delivery.

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98
Q

Cephalohaematoma

A

a minor condition that occurs during the birth process. Pressure on the fetal head ruptures small blood vessels when the head is compressed against the maternal pelvis during labour or pressure from forceps or a vacuum extractor is used to assist the birth.

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99
Q

External cephalic version (ECV)

A

when you try and flip a baby from a breech position

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100
Q

Tachypnoea

A

rapid breathing

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101
Q

Tachycardia

A

a heart rate over 100 beats a minute

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102
Q

Acrocyanosis

A

bluish discoloration of the extremities due to decreased amount of oxygen delivered to the peripheral part

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103
Q

Embryo

A

From implantation to 8 weeks

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104
Q

Fetus

A

8 weeks - 40 weeks

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105
Q

Meconium forms from?

A

13-16 weeks gestation

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106
Q

The fetus can begins to sallow & pass urine from?

A

8-12 weeks gestation

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107
Q

Menstruation occurs on days?

A

0-4

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108
Q

Ovulations typically occurs on day?

A

14

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109
Q

Proliferative phase

A

Occurs on day 4-14.
The uterus builds up a thick layer of lining.
The ovaries prepare to release an Oocyte.
Oestrogen is released to mature the graffian follicle (the egg)

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110
Q

Secretory phase/Luteal phase

A

Occurs on days 14-28.
The endrometum becomes more vascular under the influence of Oestrogen & Progesterone.

The luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates Progesterone.

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111
Q

Proteolytic enzymes

A

enzymes that break down protein. Helps to shrink the uterus back down to size

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112
Q

Phagocytes

A

The ‘cleaning’ cells. Immune cells that play a critical role in both the early and late stages of immune responses.

113
Q

Ischaemia

A

is a condition in which the blood flow (and thus oxygen) is restricted or reduced in a part of the body

114
Q

Rubra lochia

A

Lochia rubra is the first stage of lochia. You can expect: · Dark or bright red blood. · Lasts for three to four days

115
Q

Serosa lochia

A

the second stage of lochia. You can expect: · Pinkish brown discharge that’s less bloody looking. 5-9 days

116
Q

Alba lochia

A

the last stage of lochia. You can expect: · Yellowish white discharge. · Little to no blood. 10-28 days

117
Q

The Puerperium

A

the 6 weeks following the birth

118
Q

How quickly can you ovulate after birth?

A
  • Ovulation from 21 days following the birth
119
Q

Nocturia

A

a condition that causes you to wake up during the night to urinate. often the first sign of gestational diabetes

120
Q

Lowering of the renal threshold-glucose

A

During pregnancy, renal glucose reabsorptive capacity decreases, possibly, due to reduced glucose transporter expression. MAJOR sign of gestational diabetes

121
Q

renal system

A

consists of the kidney, ureters, and the urethra.

122
Q

Urinary tract infections (UTI’s)

A

Encourage women to take their time and slowly release urine, as it is important to empty their bladder completely to help lesson the chance of getting a UTI

123
Q

Acute renal failure

A

a sudden episode of kidney failure or kidney damage that happens within a few hours or a few days.

124
Q

Stress incontinence

A

when urine leaks out at times when your bladder is under pressure; for example, when you cough or laugh

125
Q

MSU

A

Mid stream sample of urine

126
Q

Eclampsia

A

the new onset of seizures or coma in a pregnant woman with preeclampsia.

127
Q

protein in urine in pregnancy

A

If you have one + or more of protein and high blood pressure, you may have pre- eclampsia and will need extra medical care.

128
Q

glucose in urine in pregnancy

A

Some glucose in urine is common during pregnancy. But high levels over time could be a sign of gestational diabetes,

129
Q

ketones in urine in pregnancy

A

Important in labour. a chemical that your liver produces and uses for energy. This happens when you don’t have enough glucose (sugar) in your blood or don’t absorb glucose correctly.

130
Q

Blood in urine

A

Not ‘normal’ in pregnancy. Could be from ‘the show’ but need to find out why? where it is coming from.

131
Q

Cystitis

A

inflammation of the bladder, usually caused by a bladder infection.

132
Q

Acute pyelonephritis
(Pai-uh-low-nuh-frau-tuhs)

A

a bacterial infection causing inflammation of the kidneys and is one of the most common diseases of the kidney.

133
Q

homeostasis range

A

any self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival.

134
Q

Adult body temp

A

Body has a narrow range (adult values
36.2-37.7 C)

135
Q

pyrexia

A

raised body temperature; fever.

136
Q

thermoregulation

A

is a mechanism by which mammals maintain body temperature with tightly controlled self-regulation independent of external temperatures.

137
Q

Brown adipose tissue

A

a type of body fat that regulates your body temperature in cold conditions.
From 26 weeks gestation

138
Q

neonate’s normal temperature

A

36.5-37.5°C

139
Q

hyperthermia

A

Heat gain is greater than heat loss

140
Q

Hypothermia

A

Heat loss is greater than heat gain

141
Q

Homeostatic control centres

A

The liver, the kidneys, and the brain (hypothalamus, the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system

142
Q

Teratogenic abnormalities

A

something that can cause birth defects or abnormalities in a developing embryo or fetus upon exposure. Teratogens include some medications, recreational drugs, tobacco products, chemicals, alcohol, certain infections, and in some cases, health problems such as uncontrolled diabetes in pregnant people.

143
Q

Heat production in the neonate

A
  • Metabolic activity
  • Crying
  • Hyperactive
  • Jitteriness
144
Q

Axilla

A

armpits

145
Q

epidermis

A

the outermost layer of skin on your body.

146
Q

dermis

A

The inner layer of the two main layers of the skin. The dermis has connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures.

147
Q

hypodermis

A

is layer of your skin to your muscles and bones, insulating your body and protecting your body from harm

148
Q

Lactogenesis

A

is the initiation of milk
production

149
Q

Neuroendocrine:

A

interaction between the
nervous system and the endocrine system

150
Q

Autocrine

A

a cell secretes a hormone chemical
that acts on itself

151
Q

Lactogenesis I

A

occurs around 16 weeks
gestation when colostrum production by
lactocytes begins

152
Q

Prolactin

A

Produced in the anterior pituitary gland.
Causes breasts to grow and produce milk.
Present during pregnancy but
is inhibited by increased levels of
progesterone and oestrogen, as well as HPL (human placental lactogen)
and prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF)

153
Q

Lactogenesis II

A

is the onset of milk
production, and occurs following expulsion of
placenta and membranes

154
Q

Lactogenesis III:

A

autocrine regulation where
supply and demand regulate milk production

155
Q

Feedback Inhibitor of Lactation (FIL)

A

Removing FIL allows milk production.
Is increasingly secreted by lactocytes as alveoli distend with milk, inhibiting lactogenesis

156
Q

Prolactin

A
  • Triggered by suckling
  • Acts on lactocytes to make milk
  • Peaks about 90 minutes after a feed
  • Suppresses ovulation
  • Needs to be stimulated early and frequently to be effective long-term
157
Q

acini cells

A

a highly specialized structure developed for synthesis, storage, and secretion of digestive enzymes.

158
Q

myo-epithelial cells

A

Oxytocin acts on the myo-epithelial cells to eject milk

159
Q

Alveoli

A

the site of milk production and storage in the mammary gland.

160
Q

Pharmacology:

A

How the drug works

161
Q

Pharmaco-therapeutic:

A

The use of drugs to treat disorders

162
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

What the body does to the drug

163
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

What the drug does to the body, the
actions/effect

164
Q

ADME

A

Four stages of pharmacokinetics:
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

165
Q

Administration routes of drugs

A

Enteral (via gut) either oral or rectal.

Parenteral (avoiding gut) this includes inhalers, topical creams, intradermal etc…

166
Q

Distribution is the movement of the drug around the body and is affected by:

A

Body weight
Solubility of drug
Patient clinical condition
Drug regime

167
Q

albumin

A

a protein made by your liver. Albumin enters your bloodstream and helps keep fluid from leaking out of your blood vessels into other tissues.

168
Q

The 4 phases of healing

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Proliferation
  3. Epithelialisation
  4. Maturation
169
Q

Phase 1: Inflammation

A

It starts immediately after injury is caused

Vasoconstriction stops further blood
loss, which results in a blood clot. Then onto vasodilationn.

After 10-15 minutes, the wound appears
red, swollen, hot and painful

White blood cells clean the wound
before dying, which can be seen as a moist
sticky tissue (slough)

170
Q

Phase 2: proliferation

A

between 3 days - 3 weeks
* New tissues are developed by fibroblasts
* New capillaries join together and
develop into granulation tissue
* Granulation tissue is pale pink but
becomes bright red as more new blood
vessels develop

171
Q

Phase 3: epithelialisation

A
  • Epithelial cells migrate across the wound
    surface
  • Once covered, the epithelial cells
    differentiate and form a epidermis
172
Q

Phase 4: maturation

A

between 3 weeks- 3 years, depending on the damage done.
* Macrophages re-organise the collagen to leave a newly healed wound with a pale, smooth and flat appearance (scar tissue)
* Healed skin only regains 80% of the strength of non-injured skin

173
Q

Striae gravidarum

A

Stretch marks

174
Q

Obstetric cholestasis

A
  • Multifactorial – pruritus with abnormal liver
    function tests
  • 1 in 40 women usually in 3rd trimester
175
Q

Pemphigoid gestationis

A
  • Itchy rash that develops into blisters
  • 1 in 50,000 usually in 2nd/3rd trimester
176
Q

Prurigo of pregnancy

A
  • Itchy papular rash
  • 1 in 300 usually 25-30 weeks
177
Q

Pruritic urticarial papules
and plaques of pregnancy
(PUPPP)

A

Hives like rash
* 1 in 200 in 3rd trimester or postpartum

178
Q

Meninges

A

Three layers of membranes known as meninges protect the brain and spinal cord.

179
Q

Pia Mater

A

The thinnest level next to the brain. Composed of delicate connective tissue and has many tiny blood vessels.

180
Q

subarachnoid space

A

consists of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), major blood vessels, and cisterns.
We use this space in a Lumbard puncture or spinal block

181
Q

Epidural space

A

located within the vertebral column and extends from the foramen magnum to the sacral hiatus.

182
Q

Dura mater

A

outermost layer of the three meninges that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord.

183
Q

P450 (CYP) enzymes

A

Breaks down drugs into smaller molecules

CYP1, 2, & 3 all metabolize drugs

184
Q

Factors that can affect drug metabolism

A

Age,
disease,
genetics,
nutrition
drugs/alcohol,
environment

185
Q

memory b cells

A

Hang around in the blood in case an infection reoccurs

186
Q

b cells

A

at the centre of the adaptive humoral immune system and are responsible for mediating the production of antigen-specific immunoglobulin (LG, immuno globulins) directed against invasive pathogens (typically known as antibodies).

187
Q

A type of immune cell that makes large amounts of a specific antibody.

A

Plasma cell, developed by B cells.

188
Q

Cytomegalovirus

A

Cold sores/chicken pox. A virus from the herpes family. Transfers through the placenta.

189
Q

Ulna

A

Bone to your pinky

190
Q

Fibula

A

Bone to your pinky toe

191
Q

axon

A

where electrical impulses from the neuron travel away to be received by other neurons.

192
Q

axon terminal

A

is the part of a neuron at the end of it’s axon that forms a synapse with another neuron.

193
Q

Dendrites

A

are appendages that are designed to receive communications from other cells.

194
Q

Neuron body cells

A

are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system.
The cell body contains the nucleus and cytoplasm

195
Q

myelin sheath

A

allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.

196
Q

axon

A

where electrical impulses from the neuron travel away to be received by other neurons.

197
Q

nucleus

A

Found in the SOMA of a neuron. It contains the nucleolus and chromosomes, necessary for the coded production of proteins within the cell.

198
Q

axon terminal

A

is the part of a neuron at the end of it’s axon that forms a synapse with another neuron.

199
Q

How many spinal segments are there

A

31

200
Q

Name the spinal segments

A

Cervical
Thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal

201
Q

How many cervical segments

A

8

202
Q

How many thoracic segments

A

12

203
Q

How many lunbar segments

A

5

204
Q

how many sacral segments

A

5

205
Q

how many coccygeal segments

A

1

206
Q

What does the Somatic nervous system control?

A

Voluntary movement

207
Q

What does the Parasympathetic nervous system control?

A

Rest and digest

208
Q

What does the Sympathetic nervous system control?

A

Fight or flight:
heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, urination and sweating

209
Q

Dura mater

A

A tough and thick layer of protection for the brain.

210
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of?

A

The brain and the spine

211
Q

Name the three layers of the Meninges

A

Duramater
Arachnoidmater
Piamater

212
Q

Pia Mater

A

A thick layer of membranes that closely follows the contours of the brain.
An additional barrier.
Aids in the secretion and containment of Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

213
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Help to suspend the brain in place.
The arachnoid trabeculae hang like webs to suspend the brain, and CSF acts as a cushion.

214
Q

Pharmacology

A

The study of how drugs work in the body

215
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

What the body does to the drug

216
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

What the drug does to the body

217
Q

Stoke volume

A

volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle at each heart contraction

218
Q

When does the placenta fully form

A

10-12 weeks

219
Q

Medulla oblongate

A

respiratory control centre

220
Q

Approximate number of c-shaped rings of cartilage in the trachea

A

15-20

221
Q

The average volume of amniotic fluid at term is

A

500mls

1000ml???? <—- on test

222
Q

Low blood pressure in the first trimester of pregnancy is due to

A

Reduced peripheral resistance

223
Q

Postnatal diuresis

A

increased urine production

224
Q

Lactocytes

A

The milk secreting epithelial cells of breast alveoli

225
Q

Length of the puerperium

A

6 weeks

226
Q

The fetal heart is heard and the mother begins to feel fetal movements from weeks

A

17-24 weeks

227
Q

How many stages occur in mitosis

A

4

228
Q

Low blood pressure in the first trimester of pregnancy is due to:

A

Reduced peripheral resistance

229
Q

lactation, prolactin is produced by which gland

A

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

230
Q

lactation, prolactin is produced by which gland

A

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

231
Q

Myometrium

A

The muscular outer layer of the uterus

An inner circular layer
A middle oblique layer
An outer longitudinal layer

232
Q

Oxytocin in labour

A

large doses stimulates myometrial activity

233
Q

Stations of the pelvis

A

-5 = floating baby
-3 = head above pelvis
0 = head at the bottom of the pelvis (in line with spines/fully engaged)
3 = within birth canal
5 = crowning

234
Q

Changes to the female pelvis during pregnancy

A

Progesterone =
* smooths ligaments
*supports baby until the placenta takes over
* increases blood flow to the womb
*prevents lactation before birth

Relaxin = helps the pelvis to joints to relax to prepare for labour.

pelvic tilt = increases inpregnacy (12-36 weeks)

235
Q

functions of the pelvis

A

support (walking)
defecation
micturition (urination)
sexual intercourse
pregnancy
labour & delivery

236
Q

Dendrites

A

Are appendages designed to receive communications from other cells.

237
Q

Axon

A

Where electrical impulses from the neuron travel away to be received by other neurons.

238
Q

myelin sheath

A

allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and effectively along the nerve cell

239
Q

schwann cells

A

the myelin sheath: peripheral nervous system

240
Q

Soma - cell body

A

Fundamental units of the brain and nervous system. Holds the necleus

241
Q

nucleus

A

necessary for the coded production of the proteins within the cell.

242
Q

Endocrine system

A

Made up of:
testis
ovary
pancreas
adrenal gland
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
pineal gland

243
Q

Lumbar cistern

A

refers to the subarachnoid space in the lower lumbar spinal canal.

244
Q

Lactocytes

A

these line the alveoli of the human mammary gland and are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of milk into the alveolar lumen.

245
Q

alveoli

A

take proteins, sugars, and fat from your blood supply and make breast milk.

246
Q

Prolactin

A

a hormone made by the anterior pituitary gland

247
Q

Oestrogen

A

The ovaries release it to make you ovulate again in the luteal phase, allowing you to menstruate.
This hormone will be low in breastfeeding mothers (stops ovulation)

248
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland in the brain. It is an important hormone for the normal functioning of the reproductive system in men and women.

249
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

a hormone normally produced by the placenta. If you are pregnant, you can detect it in your urine.

250
Q

corpus luteum

A

exists within the ovary once the ovarian follicle has released a mature ovum during ovulation.

251
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm)

252
Q

Embryo

A

From implantation to 8 weeks

253
Q

Fetus

A

8-40 weeeks

254
Q

Meconium

A

Forms from 13-16 weeks
sticky, thick, dark green poop

255
Q

The fetus begins to swallow + pass urian from?

A

8-12 gestation

256
Q

Heartbeats can be heard from?

A

7-10 weeeks

257
Q

Kicks can be felt from?

A

18-23 weeks
Maybe earlier in mutip mothers

258
Q

mature graafian follicle

A

a mature fluid-filled cavity present inside the ovary which contains the female gamete/ovum.

259
Q

oocyte

A

is an immature ovum, or egg cell.

260
Q

endometrium

A

The layer of tissue that lines the uterus.

261
Q

HPL

A

Human placental lactogen

Produced and secreted by the placenta

262
Q

PIF

A

Prolactin-inhibiting factor

Anterior pituitary gland

263
Q

hypertension

A

systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg
both taken on 2 consecutive readings taken 30 minutes apart,

264
Q

severe hypertension

A

systolic blood pressure of
160 mmHg
diastolic blood pressure of 110 mmHg measured between contractions

265
Q

maternal pyrexia

A

a temperature of 38°C or above on a single reading or 37.5°C
or above on 2 consecutive occasions 1 hour apart)

266
Q

Olgohydramnios

A

300mls
decreased amniotic fluid volume for gestational age.

267
Q

Polyhyramnios

A

1500mls
too much amniotic fluid around the baby during pregnancy.

268
Q

How much amniotic fluid is there?

A

800-1000mls

269
Q

Liquor amnii

A

amniotic fluid

270
Q

Wharton’s Jelly

A

gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord

271
Q

percreta

A

placenta invading the peritoneum

272
Q

accreta

A

partially diffused, penetration into the
myometrium

273
Q

Placenta increta

A

significant as the myometrium is deeply
invaded crossing the uterine wall

274
Q

EBL

A

Estimating blood loss

275
Q

Newborn respiration rate

A

30-60 breaths per min

276
Q

erb’s palsy

A

a certain type of injury to the brachial plexus nerve.

277
Q

Polydayctyly

A

extra fingers or toes (digits) that are present at birth

278
Q

Syndactyly

A

when a baby is born with two or more fingers or toes joined or “webbed” together

279
Q

epiglottis

A

The flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing

BIoscience (1 decks)

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