Biopsychosocial/economics

Question 1

SF-36

Answer 1

Short form health survey. Can be 36 qs, 8qs, 12qs.
8 sections : vitality, physical functioning, bodily pain, general health perceptions, physical role functioning, emotional role function, social role function, mental health.
Each scale put onto 0-100 scale, lower score = more disability
Used in health economics for QALYs

Question 2

Eq-5D

Answer 2

Euroquol 5 dimension. Rate mobility, self care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression. Then rate globally on 100pt scale.
Used in health economics for QALYs

Question 3

WHOQoL 100

Answer 3

WHO quality of life scale, BREF is shorter version). 4 Domains: physical health, psychological, social relationships, environment (includes finances, leisure)

Question 4

AQoL-8D

Answer 4

Assessment of qualit of life, 8 dimensions.

Independent living, happiness, mental health, coping, relationships, self worth, pain, senses

Question 5

MQOL

Answer 5

McGill quality of life questionnaire: 16 item on 1-10 scale. Covers 4 domains (psychological, physical symptoms, physical wellbeing and existential wellbeing). Geared towards palliative care/terminal conditions

Question 6

ECOG

Answer 6

The ECOG performance status is a scale used to assess how a patient’s disease is progressing, assess how the disease affects the daily living abilities of the patient, and determine appropriate treatment and prognosis

Question 7

SS-QoL

Answer 7

The SS-QOL assesses health-related quality of life specific to stroke survivors.

Question 8

Manchester short assessment

Answer 8

QoL in mental health conditions

Question 9

PHQ-9

Answer 9

9 question instrument to screen for depression and assess severity. according to DSM IV. If mild then FU. Mod needs treatment plan. Mod/severe then drugs and counselling. Severe needs referral.

Question 10

Beck’s inventory

Answer 10

21 item self scoring screen for depression

Question 11

Cost minimisation analysis

Answer 11

Two options with equal effect on outcomes (e.g. equal increase in life expectancy) then looks for tech with lowest associated costs. Rarely used as outcome probably not exactly the same, and can’t be specified in prospective economic evaluation as wont know same outcomes beforehand

Question 12

Cost effectiveness analysis

Answer 12

Two options compared by measuring same single outcome (e.g. life expectancy, reduction in stroke), and then incremental cost effectiveness ratio : ICER = cost of A-cost of B/ outcome from A-outcome from B. ICER = extra costs required to generate each additional unit of outcome if new replaces old.
Pros: easy, routinely measured parameters. Can use if two different outcomes and costs.
Cons: Only looks at health effects, doesn’t incorporate patient issues on qol

Question 13

Cost utility analysis

Answer 13

Uses QALYs (where 1 = year in perfect health, 0=dead)
QALY = life expectancy x health related QoL. Uses natural units (years alive).
ICER can be used: Cost of new-cost of old/new QALY-oldQALY

Question 14

Cost benefit analysis

Answer 14

Measures everything in cash value, so must be converted.
Pros: advantage over CUA and CEA that not just health outcomes, but social and infrastructure measurements. Can also evaluate standalone interventions (with no comparator).
Cons: very complex to determine, and involves monitorising everything.

Question 15

Technosexuality

Answer 15

Can be an extension of biopower, with technological advances allowing increased surveliance on individuals. Includes contact tracing, dating apps, porn,digital access to test results and screening services

Question 16

Sexual citizenship

Answer 16

Balance between disease eradification and treatment access, as well as citizens right to sexual enjoyment and wellbeing.

Question 17

sex and gender definition

Answer 17

sex if biologically determined (structural, functional, behavioural characteristics). Gender is socially determined

Question 18

Crisis of masculinity

Answer 18

theory that men are less sure of themselves/identity due to growing gender equality

Question 19

Hegemonic masculinity

Answer 19

Male dominance role/leadership/men staying men

Question 20

Communities of practice

Answer 20

Expected roles and norms, being told what to do and how you behave if part of certain community.

Question 21

Sexual health concerns

Answer 21

Relate to situations around socialy/political/education issues.
E.g. freedom from sexual violence, public health campaigns, information about eroticism, freedom from discrimination on orientation, information about emotional attachments.
Access to safe motherhood, access to care for infertility

Question 22

Sexual Health problems

Answer 22

Specific problems requiring intervention/treatment. E.g. ED in individual, problems with specific sexual behaviour, PTSD post abuse, sterility, STIs

Question 23

Pronatalism

Answer 23

“normal family life”, thinking that everyone should want/have kids

Question 24

Advocacy

Answer 24

Having someone to help stand up for rights (legal right in some contexts). Self advocacy is a person’s ability to speak up for themselves

Question 25

Goffman stigma

Answer 25

People who show stigma conditions are discredited. People who have hidden stigma conditions are discreditable.
7 Types of stigma: public, self, perceived, label avoidance, stigma by association, structural and health care professional.

Question 26

Social causation in mental health

Answer 26

Accepts some psychiatric dconditions, but explores importance of structural social factors and phenomena on mental health. Looks at why certain groups get certain diagnosis.

Question 27

Critical theorist in Mental Health

Answer 27

Look at alienating effect that working class life has on mental health. Ties into ideas about state control through psychiatry and asylums.

Question 28

Social construction in mental health

Answer 28

Looks at forces shaping and defining “mental health”, where mental health conditions can be seen as constructs/invented/medicalised.
Foucault etc suggest psychiatry is about external control (surveillance) and internal control (us controlling our own sanity)

Question 29

Labelling, stigma and social reaction in mental health

Answer 29

Centres around micro lebel and labels. Ties in with primary and secondary deviance, where people receive slabel and then act accordingly.

Question 30

Maslow heirarchy

Answer 30

Ranges from physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self actualisation.

Question 31

Maslow criticism

Answer 31

very linear, life isn’gt, so needs may go in other orders. Do we rank our needs like this? No room for needs that are counter to each other. Ignores cultural variation

Question 32

ERG motivation theory

Answer 32

Existence, relatedness and growth given as 3 metacatergories of wellbeing

Question 33

Motivational systems theory (MST)

Answer 33

three key dimensios: goal setting, emotions and self-efficacy (belief in one’s agency). How these interact predicts whether we achieve goals/happiness

Question 34

Flow

Answer 34

Optimal/peak experiences that make everything else worthwhile. Motivation is less important.

Question 35

Habitus, and social/cultural capital

Answer 35

What counts as quality of life can be different depending on culture/class/status.

Question 36

Hedonism

Answer 36

objective, wish fulfilment

Question 37

Nussbaum’s capability approach

Answer 37

non-hedonistic alternative based around humanitarian efforts and individual dignity.

Question 38

Positive psychology (seligman)

Answer 38

Positive cognition and practices lead to happiness

Question 39

Optimism bias

Answer 39

Believing we will get the best outcome. But, people who are optimistic often do have better outcomes

Question 40

Nozick’s experience machine

Answer 40

If we could simulate happiness, would this equate to QOL?

Question 41

Technology impacts on WOL?

Answer 41

social network theory of happiness, contagious positivity/wellbeing.
Affective computing is that computers could respond to emotions/mimic emotions and provide social interactions.
Increasing tech can be seen as extension of government/big business survelance.