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biopsychology > biopsychology cards > Flashcards

biopsychology cards Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 lobes in the brain?

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

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2
Q

where is the motor area located?

A

frontal lobe

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3
Q

where is the somatosensory area located?

A

parietal lobe

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4
Q

where is the auditory area located?

A

temporal lobe

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5
Q

where is the visual area located

A

occipital lobe

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6
Q

where is Broca’s area located?

A

frontal lobe- speech production

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7
Q

where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

temporal lobe- speech production

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8
Q

what does the nervous system do?

A

the nervous system is a specialised network of cells, responsible for internal communications using electrical and chemical signals

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9
Q

what are the two main processes of the central nervous system?

A

collect, process and respond to information in the environment
coordinate the working of the different organs

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10
Q

what are the two sub systems of the human nervous system

A

Peripheral Nervous System and the Central Nervous System

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11
Q

what are the sub divisions of the PNS?

A

Autonomic Nervous System-controls the muscle and glands such as breathing
Somatic Nervous System- transmits sensory information from the body to the brain which is transferred to the muscles. some moments are involuntary

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12
Q

difference between the ANS and SNS

A

ANS controls smooth muscles and glands
SNS controls skeletal muscles

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13
Q

functions of the endocrine system

A

to regulate cell and organ activity in the body.
to release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate organ function.
imbalance of hormones may lead to dysfunctions.

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14
Q

flight or flight response

A

hypothalamus prepared the body for action, involves the release of adrenaline. this triggers the switch from Parasympathetic to Sympathetic activity and back to Parasympathetic afterwards.

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15
Q

sensory neurons function

A

moved information from PNS to CNS

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16
Q

sensory neuron structure

A

Long dendrites and short axons

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17
Q

relay neuron function

A

sensory neurons to motor neurons

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18
Q

relay neuron structure

A

short dendrites and short axons

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19
Q

motor neurons function

A

CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands

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20
Q

motor neuron structure

A

short dendrites and long axons

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21
Q

what is action potential?

A

when a neuron is activated by a stimulus, the neuron fires and creates an electrical impulse, depends if its positive or negative action

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22
Q

location of motor neurons

A

cell body is in CNS and axon are in the PNS

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23
Q

location of relay neurons

A

in the brain and visual system

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24
Q

location of sensory neurons

A

in the PNS

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25
Q

electrical transmission process

A

when a neuron is resting it’s negatively charged inside compared to the outside of the cell.
when a neuron is activated by a stimulus the inside becomes positively charged for a split second causing the action potential.
this creates an electrical impulse that travels down the axon towards the end of the neuron.

26
Q

what is involved in chemical transmission?

A

Neurons communicate with each other within groups known as neural networks. each neuron is separated by the synapse. signals within neurons are transmitted electrically BUT between neurons is chemically

27
Q

what is a neurotransimmiter?

A

this is a chemical that diffuses along a synapse between two neurons which is taken up by the synaptic receptor site and then by the dendrite

28
Q

why can neurons only travel in one direction?

A

this is because they are released from the pre synaptic neuron terminal and are taken up by the post synaptic neuron terminal

29
Q

what is Broca aphasia?

A

this is characterised by slow, laborious speech which lacks fluency

30
Q

what is Wernickes asphia?

A

this is characterised by nonsense words as part of their speech

31
Q

what side of the brain is responsible for language?

A

left

32
Q

what is meant by hemispheric lateralisation?

A

this is the idea that the two hemispheres of the brain are functionally different and that certain processes and behaviours are controlled by one but not another.

33
Q

difference between localisation and lateralisation?

A

localisation refers to the different areas of the brain that are responsible for specific behaviours.
lateralisation referred to either the right or left halve of the brain being responsible

34
Q

what wiring is involved in the hemispheric lateralisation?

A

contraleteral- hemisphere controls over opposite visual fields

35
Q

what wiring is involved with sight?

A

ipsilateral- they receive light from the same visual field and opposite

36
Q

evaluation for localisation

A

P: case study of Phineas Gage
N: case study limitation
P: evidence from neurosurgery, 44 OCD patients had undergone localised brain surgery, 30% successful reports.
P:evidence from brain scans(Peterson) broca’s area during reading and wernickes during listening.
N:Lashely studied rats without areas of cortex showing no significance of one area.
N:language localisation questioned

37
Q

evaluation of lateralisation

A

P: PET scans showed when asked to focus of global details they used RH and for specific details the LH.
N: research suggests that people have a dominant side of the brain which they do not.

38
Q

Sperry- split brain research

A

11 participants all with epilepsy
when an image was shown to their RVF they could describe what they saw. when presented in their LVF they said there was nothing there, but using their left hand could select an object that was connected to the word.

39
Q

evaluation of split brain

A

P: Gazzingia showed that split brain particularly perform better than normal brain in some tasks.
N: generalisation issues.
N: ethical issues due to repetitive testing after surgery:

40
Q

what area of the brain was split?

A

the Corpus Collusm

41
Q

plasticity meaning

A

the brains ability to change and adapt as a result of the experience of new information.

42
Q

research into plasticity:

A

MAGUIRE: london taxi drivers have more grey matter due to directions.
DRAGNASKI: compared brains of medical students 3 months before and after their final exam, changes in the posterior hippocampus and the parietal cortex.

43
Q

evaluation of plasticity

A

N: negative plasticity as 60-80% of amputees experience phantom limb syndrome.
P: age and plasticity shows that golfers aged 40-60 after 40 hours of golf training had increased motor cortex activity.

44
Q

functional recovery definition

A

when a part of the brain experiences trauma and unaffected areas of the brain are able to adapt and compensate,

45
Q

forms of functional recovery

A

axonal sprouting
denervation supersensitivity
recruitment of homologous areas on the opposite side of the brain.
and areas are also UNMASKED

46
Q

functional recovery evaluation

A

P: understanding these process has helped contribute to neurorehabilitation processes, axonal growth helps create new therapies
N: education may affect recovery those with 15+ years of education 40 had DFR compared to 10% at 12 years

47
Q

FMRI

A

produces 3d image of changes in oxygen levels due to brain activity
P: no radiation
N: expensive. poor temporal resolution

48
Q

EEG

A

these measure electrical activity in the brain with different brainwave patterns of neurons
P: extremely high temporal resolution
N: doesn’t pinpoint specific area

49
Q

ERP

A

brainwaves that are triggered by a specific stimulus event.
P: they bring specificity, excellent temporal resolution
N: lack of standardisation and removal of confounding variables

50
Q

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS

A

analysis of an individuals brain after their death.
P: used for case studies and helped Broca and Wernickes
N: observed damage may not be linked to disorder

51
Q

biological rhythm definition

A

distinct patterns of changes in body activity that conform to a cyclical time period, influence by endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeitgebers

52
Q

circadian rhythm

A

biological rhythm that is subject to a 24 hour cycle, sleep/wake cycle.
SCN receives information about light and optic chiasm.

53
Q

evaluation of circadian

A

P: shift work showed reduced concentration at 6 am, heart disease 3 times more likely to occcur.
CP: studies are correlations may be actual due to disruption of social routines.
P: medical treatments as times drug are taken may help with effectiveness such as Aspirin taken at night.
N: individual differences as cycle lengths may very between 13-65 hours with owls and larks.
E: should we shift school day?

54
Q

infradian rhythms

A

biological rhythm with a frequency of less than one cycle in 24 hours, menstrual cycle and SAD.
menstrual cycle is synchronised by pheromones- Stern and McClintok and SAD is due to depression triggered by regulating melatonin deficiency

55
Q

evaluation of infradian rhythms

A

P: evolutionary basis- mothers used to have synchronised periods to care for babies such as producing milk.
N: mythological limitations- many confounding variables aren’t controlled so synchronisation may be occurred by chance TREVATHAN
E: real world application as light therapy is 80% effective for SAD bit relapse rate is at 46% compared to 27% for CBT.

56
Q

ultradian rhythms definition

A

biological rhythm with a frequency of more than one cycle in a 24 hour period, 5 90 mins stages of sleep.
1 and 2: light sleep alpha waves
3 and 4: deep sleep or slow wave sleep, delta waves
5(REM) paralysed body most likely to dream, theta waves

57
Q

ultradian rhythm evaluation

A

P: improves understanding as SWS reduces with age and its associated with growth and alertness.
N: differences found in duration of each sleep stage, especially 3 and 4.
E: the use of lab studies to control extraneous variables to study sleep

58
Q

endogenous pacemaker

A

this are the internal influences on biological rhythms.
SCN on sleep:wake cycle as it revives information on light, this passes information to the pineal gland which controls melatonin.
sleep/wake cycle disappeared when SCN was destroyed.
SCN transplants in hamsters caused a 20 hour sleep/wake cycle.

59
Q

evaluation of endogenous pacemakers

A

N: other body clocks called peripheral oscillators such as circadian rhythm of liver cells in mice altered but SCN was unaffected.
N: research looks at the effects on internal and external separately causing lack of validity
E: death of animals in the study

60
Q

exogenous zeitgebers definition

A

these are time givers that entrain the free running endogenous rhythms.
LIGHT: shone on the back of people’s knees changed their sleep/wake cycle by 3 hours.
SOCIAL CUES: such as dinner largely entrain a babies rhythms.

61
Q

evaluation of exogenous zeitgebers

A

N: they don’t have the same effect on people who live in darkness in the summer and light in the winter.
N: man blind from birth with a sleep/wake cycle couldn’t adjust despite social cues.
E: poorer quality of sleep as people age may be natural changes in biological rhythms or exogenous factors such as time spent in natural day light.

biopsychology (1 decks)

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