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AS PSYCHOLOGY AQA > BIOPSYCHOLOGY AS > Flashcards

BIOPSYCHOLOGY AS Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the nervous system split in to?

A

central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

what is the CNS split in to?

A

the brain and the spinal coard

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3
Q

what is the PNS split in to?

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS) and somatic nervous system SNS

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4
Q

What is the role of the nervous system?

A

relay messages from the brain to the rest of the body to instruct what to do

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5
Q

what is the function of the nervous system?

A

provides the biological bases of psychological experience

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6
Q

what is the function of the CNS?

A

life functions and psychological processes

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7
Q

what is the function of the spinal cord?

A

receives and transmits info to and from the brain

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8
Q

what is the function of the brain?

A

maintains life involved in higher functions and psychological processes

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9
Q

what is the function of PNS?

A

transmits info to and from the CNS

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10
Q

what is the function of ANS?

A

Transmits info to and from internal organs to sustain life processes

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11
Q

what is the function of SNS?

A

transmits info to and from the senses and to and from the CNS

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12
Q

what is the ANS split in to?

A

sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS

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13
Q

what is the function of SNS?

A

generally increases bodily activities (fight or flight). The body’s alert system involved in preparing the body to respond to threats

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14
Q

what is the function of PNS?

A

generally maintains or decreases bodily activates. Sometimes referred to as the rest and digest system because of its role to relax the body by counteracting the effects of SNS

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15
Q

what are the body’s responses to the SNS?

A

Stops digestion aka butterflies, glucose is released for energy, stress, increased heart rate, hyper focus, anxiety, sweat and adrenaline

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16
Q

what are the body’s responses to the PNS?

A

heart rate decreases, breathing returns to normal, digestion starts and goes to normal, glucose is stored

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17
Q

what is first in the process of synaptic transition?

A

electrical impulses reaches the end of the neuron

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18
Q

what is second in the process of synaptic transition?

A

Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft

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19
Q

what is third in the process of synaptic transition?

A

Neurotransmitters diffuse across to the postsynaptic membrane

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20
Q

what is fourth in the process of synaptic transition?

A

Neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors

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21
Q

what is fifth in the process of synaptic transition?

A

Triggers an electrical impulse or cause a muscle contraction or a hormone to be secreted

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22
Q

what is last in the process of synaptic transition?

A

neurotransmitters are removed from the cleft by reuptake or an enzyme

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23
Q

what is the role of excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

increases the likelihood that an electrical impulse will be triggered in the postsynaptic neurone

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24
Q

what is the role of inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

decreases the likelihood that an electrical impulse will be triggered in the postsynaptic neurone

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25
Q

what are examples of neurotransmitters?

A

noradrenalin, dopamine (depending on the location)

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26
Q

What are examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

serotonin, GABA, dopamine (depending on the location)

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27
Q

what is summation?

A

the sum of excitation and inhibitory neurotransmitters

28
Q

Label the process of synaptic transmission?

A
29
Q

what is the synapse?

A

a junction between two neurones or between a neurone and an effector cell

30
Q

what is a synaptic cleft?

A

a gap between two neurones

31
Q

what is the synaptic knob?

A

the presynaptic neurone’s swelling

32
Q

what does the synaptic knob contain?

A

vesicles that contain neurotransmitters

33
Q

what happens first in the role of the synapse?

A

the synapse is a junction between two neurones where an electrical signal passes

34
Q

what happens second in the role of the synapse?

A

a nerve impulse arrives at the end of one neurone it triggers the release of neurotransmitter molecules from the synapse

35
Q

what happens last in the role of the synapse?

A

The neurotransmitter diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind with receptors on the next neuron, triggering another impulse

36
Q

label a neurone

A
37
Q

what are neurones?

A

nerve cells that transmit info as electrical impulses around the body

38
Q

what is axon definition?

A

a long single fibre that carries nerve impulses

39
Q

what is myelin sheath definition?

A

a thick insulating layer around the axon

40
Q

what is schwann cell definition?

A

a cell wrapped around the axon forming the myelin sheath

41
Q

what is dendrites definition?

A

highly branched fibres that conduct impulses

42
Q

what is node of Ranvier definition?

A

gap in the myelin sheath where the axon is exposed

43
Q

what are sensory neurones?

A

transmit electrical impulses from receptors to CNS

44
Q

what are relay neurones?

A

transmit electrical impulses between sensory neurones to motor neurones

45
Q

what is an example of receptor to effector processes?

A

first a stimulus eg seeing a £10 note on the floor. Your brain reacts by the sensory neurones noticing it. Then relay neurones would communicate to motor neurones. Finally the motor neurones would tell you to pick it up

46
Q

how information flows from receptors to effectors in the nervous system.

A

first a stimulus

47
Q

what are receptors?

A

Receptors are groups of specialised cells. They can detect a change in the environment (stimulus) and produce electrical impulses in response.

48
Q

what are effectors?

A

Effectors are parts of the body - such as muscles and glands - that produce a response to a detected stimulus

49
Q

how does information flows from receptors to effectors in the nervous system?

A

STIMULUS->
RECEPTORS->
(RELAY-SENSORY-MOTOR) CNS->
EFFECTORS->
RESPONSE

50
Q

what are sensory neurones?

A

transmit messages from sense receptors (eg. eye, nose) to CNS

51
Q

what are motor neurones?

A

transmit messages from the brain and spinal cord (CNS) to the effectors (muscles and glands)

52
Q

what are relay neurones?

A

transmit messages between sensory neurones and motor neurones

53
Q

How do neurones communicate? (label and explain diagram)

A
54
Q

what is the endocrine system definition?

A

a series of glands that release hormones throughout the body. works alongside the nervous system at a much slower pace

55
Q

what is the function of the endocrine system?

A

glands in the endocrine system produce chemicals (hormones) that are released into the blood. They travel along the body stimulating organs and other body tissues into action. Hormones can influence many human behaviours

56
Q

What is the function and hormone of the pineal gland?

A

releases melatonin which is responsible for biological rhythms including sleep wake cycle located in the brain

57
Q

What is the function and hormone of the thyroid gland?

A

releases thyroxine which is responsible for metabolism located in the throat

58
Q

What is the function and hormone of the pituitary gland?

A

releases oxytocin which controls and stimulates the release of hormones from other gland located in the brain

59
Q

What is the function and hormone of the hypothalamus?

A

stimulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland located in the brain

60
Q

What is the function and hormone of the ovaries?

A

releases oestrogen for the female reproductive system, menstrual cycle and pregnancy

61
Q

What is the function and hormone of the testes?

A

releases testosterone for male development, sex characteristics during puberty and muscle growth

62
Q

What is the function and hormone of the adrenal gland (medulla)?

A

releases adrenaline normadrenaline (fight and flight)

63
Q

What is the function and hormone of the adrenal gland (cortex)?

A

releases cortisol, stimulates release of glucose to provide the body with energy while suppressing the immune system

64
Q

what is the sympathomedullary (SAM) pathway?

A

immediate stressors->
activate the hypothalamus->
sympathetic branch of the ANS->
adrenal medulla

65
Q

what are the effects of fight or flight?

A

heart rate->INCREASES
blood pressure->INCREASES
secretion of saliva-> DECREASES
pupils of eye-> DIALATE
limbs-> BLOOD GOES TO THEM
contraction of stomach/intestines -> SLOW DOWN
bladder muscles -> RELAX
breathing rate -> INCREASES
liver-> INSULIN RELEASES
emotion -> STRONG

66
Q

What happens when the stressor is removed in the fight or flight?

A

parasympathetic branch of the ANS returns the body to the relaxed state.
The PNS now directs blood to the digestive system and controls the heart rate and blood pressure to maintain homeostasis

67
Q

what is the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal system (HPA) process?

A

1- hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland
2- hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland
3- pituitary gland releases hormone ACTH
4- ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to produce the hormone cortisol
5- cortisol enables the body to maintain steady supply of blood sugar
6- adequate steady blood sugar levels helps with the person to cope with prolonged stressor and helps the body return to normal

AS PSYCHOLOGY AQA (1 decks)

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