Biopsychology Flashcards
Who identified the area of the brain that’s responsible for speech production?
Broca (1880s).
Who identified the area of the brain that’s responsible for language comprehensive?
Wernicke (1880s).
How does Peterson et al. (1988) support localisation of function?
Brain scans =
Wernicke lit up during listening task, Broca during reading task.
Which neurological evidence supports localisation theory?
Dougherty et al. (2002) = cingulotomy =
1/3 of patients met criteria, 14% partially met criteria.
Lashley (1950)?
Removed 10-50% of cortex from rats learning a maze =
- no area was more important in learning the maze.
Gopnick et al. (1999)?
During infancy, the brain has about 15,000 synapses (age 2-3).
Maguire et al. (2000)?
London taxi drivers =
- larger grey matter in posterior hippocampus (due to navigational skills).
Draganski et al. (2006)?
Brain scans 3 months before and after exams =
- learning-induced changes seen in posterior hippocampus and parietal cortex - a result of the exams.
Medina et al. (2007)?
Negative consequences of neural plasticity =
- brain retiring from prolonged drug use can result in dementia.
Ramachandran and Hirstein (1998)?
Phantom limb syndrome =
- due to reorganisation in the somatosensory cortex.
Bezzolat et al. (2012)?
Age and plasticity is complex =
- 40 years of golf training changed the neural representations of movements in 40-60 year olds.
Which animal study supports plasticity?
Hubel and Wiesel (1963) =
- sewed one eye of kitten, eye still processed info.
Schneider et al. (2014)?
The more brain time brain injury patients spent in education, the greater their chances of a disability-free recovery.
Who conducted the split-brain research?
Sperry (1968).
Pucetti (1977)?
The two hemispheres are so different, they are like separate brains.
What did Siffre demonstrate about circadian rhythms?
Spent long periods in caves (3/6 months), his circadian rhythm settled to about 25 hours.
Aschoff and Wever (1976)?
Participants spent 4 weeks in WW2 bunker =
- all but one extended circadian rhythm to 29 hours.
Folkard et al. (1985)?
12 people lived in a cave for 3 weeks, have set times to sleep/wake =
- circadian rhythm sped up to 22 hours.
Who applies studies of circadian rhythms to shift work?
Boivin et al. (1996) =
- shift workers lack concentration around 6 am, so mistakes and accidents are more likely.
Who applies studies of circadian rhythms to the timing of dosing drugs?
Baraldo (2008) =
- drugs are effective at certain times of the day (guidelines on cancer and epilepsy drugs).
How does Czeisler et al. (1999) criticise the studies of circadian rhythms?
They used artificial lights which could be a CV –> it can affect the circadian rhythm.
What did Duffy et al. (2001) find about individual differences of the sleep/wake cycle?
Some people prefer to sleep/wake early (“larks”), and some the opposite (“owls”).
Stern and McClintock (1998)?
Pheromones =
- studied 29 women with irregular periods = gave them pheromones of another women = their periods synchronised.
How does Schank (2004) criticise the advantage of women synchronising periods as an infradian rhythm?
It would produce competition for highest quality males.
