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psychology as level > biopsychology > Flashcards

biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

division of the nervous system?

A
  • nervous system and endocrine system
  • nervous system: CNS (brain and spinal chord) and PNS (peripheral system / neurones): CONCERNED WITH ALL LIFE FUNCTIONS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • PNS: autonomic and somatic system: SSSSENSE AND INSTRUCTIONS TO MUSCLES
  • Autonomic system: sympathetic and parasympathetic system: BODILY ORGANS (HORMONAL) MOST ARE NOT UNDER CONSCIENCE CONTROL EG HEART AND STOMACH
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2
Q

division of the nervous system?

A
  • nervous system and endocrine system
  • nervous system: CNS (brain and spinal chord) and PNS (peripheral system / neurones): CONCERNED WITH ALL LIFE FUNCTIONS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • PNS: autonomic and somatic system: SSSSENSE AND INSTRUCTIONS TO MUSCLES
  • Autonomic system: sympathetic and parasympathetic system: BODILY ORGANS (HORMONAL) MOST ARE NOT UNDER CONSCIENCE CONTROL EG HEART AND STOMACH
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3
Q

what are motor neurons

A

carry messages from the spinal chord and brain to the effector (muscles)

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4
Q

structure of motor neuron

A

large surface area to conecto other neurons
synaptic nerves and dentrites do not touch - gap s called synapse

short dentrites
long axons

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5
Q

what are sensory neurons

A

receptors to brain and spinal cord

long dentrites
short axons

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6
Q

what are relay neurons

A

interconnecting neurons: visual, brain, spinal chords
between sensory neuron to motor neuron

short dentrites
short/long axons

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7
Q

what is the reflex arc

A 
receptor cells (PNS) --> stimuli
impulse sent down sensory neuron
CNS
relay neuron
motor neuron
effector muscle --> response
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8
Q

what is synaptic transmission

A

nerve travels down axon
neurotransmitters are released which are taken up or reabsorbed
message reaches dentrites

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9
Q

chemicals inhibit or excite fire of acell?

A

dopamine acetylcholine and serotonin

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10
Q

what is localisation

A

certain areas of the brain hold specific fuctions

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11
Q

what is lateralisation

A

particular hemisphere controls certain functions

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12
Q

case study on phineas gage

A

suffered horrific brain accent where brain was partially removed
personality change from nice to mean
shows that brain controls personality
cannot generalise as one rare case and could be other outside factors

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13
Q

what are the 3 layers of the brain

A

central core - ancient brain: pirimitive and involuntary

limbic system: hormones and emotional

cerebrum: higher intellectual processes

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14
Q

what is the central core?

A 
brain stem
primitive actions (breathing)
involuntary actions (sneezing)
hypothalamus (endocrine system/glands)
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15
Q

what is the limbic system?

A

contains hippocampus: removal causes antereograde amnesia (cannot form new memories)

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16
Q

what is the cerebrum?

A

composed of right and left hemispheres which are connected by the corpus callosum fibres

frontal lobe: conscious thoughts
occipital lobe: sight
temporal lobe: auditory and memory
parietal: sensory and motor

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17
Q

what is in the parietal lobe?

A

motor area: control of voluntary movements
opposite hemispheres control each side
samade to area causes impaired movements

somatosensory area: heat, cold touch pain body movement
hands and face occupy most of it

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18
Q

what is in the temporal lobe?

A

auditory area: hearing/language/speech analysis

wernicke area: left temp lobe damage
difficulties in language comprehension

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19
Q

what is in the occipital lobe?

A

visual: innter retina: optic chiasm: crossed controls

outer retina: damage to left optic nerve damages left eye

20
Q

what did split brain surgery show about the hemispheres of the brain?

A

patients that had undergone a corpus callosotomy’s brain showed that the two hemispheres could function quite independently

21
Q

what are the two main methods of studying cortical specialisation?

A

invasive techniques (surgery)
neurosurgery
electrical chemical stimulation and post mortem examinations

non invasive techniques (scans)
PET
CAT
MRI

22
Q

Discuss PET scans

A

radioactive glucose is injected into the blood stream - the radioactive emission from different parts of the brain is measured in a scanning machine whilst the individual is engaged in a range of tasks

23
Q

evaluate PET scans

A

produces 3D images of brain activity in action!

involves injection - ethical/distress
brain is always active so it is hard to separate activities and no two brains process in the same way

24
Q

discuss and evaluate CAT scans

A

narrow X ray beam and measures the about of radiation absorbed by the brain - 3D image is formed

useful in evaluating the about of swelling due to disuse damage in brain

25
Q

discuss and evaluate CAT scans

A

narrow X ray beam and measures the about of radiation absorbed by the brain - 3D image is formed

useful in evaluating the about of swelling due to disuse damage in brain

26
Q

discuss and evaluate MRI scans

A

scanners use strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of an individuals brain

able to produce precise images of the brain and offer more detail than PET or CAT scans
powerful enough to detect signs of disease

27
Q

discuss and evaluate EGGs

A

electrodes are attached to various points on then sad
record brainwaves which can wither be rhythmic(healthy) or arrhythmic(unhealthy)

safe and painless
useful for studying sleeping patterns
distinguishes between different types of epileptic procedures and categorises them based on the patterns views
lacks accuracy of pet cat and MRI scans that produces 3D images of a specific area of functioning

28
Q

discuss post mortem examinations

A

brain of patient (usually subject of longitudinal study) is examined after death
by examining the damage post mortem and relating to their behaviour when alive - brain localisation can be established
Paul Broca - function of speech = left frontal lobe called Broca’s area - damage to area causes Broca’s aphasia

29
Q

evaluate post mortem studies

A

no control over the area to be studied
and often not possible to know how the patient behaved before the damage occurred
obtaining a person’s brain is hard
no ethical issues - greater understanding of many rare afflictions

30
Q

discuss neurosurgery

A

manipulation of structures within brain using ABLATIONS 9removal of tissue) and LESIONS(cutting neural connections)
Hubel and Weisel inserted electrodes in the visual cortex of a cat - different neurones responded to different patterns of light

31
Q

evaluate neurosurgery

A

disifucult to establish whether behaviour results from damaged area of are connected to damage
ethical restrictions - animals not humans

32
Q

discuss and evaluate electrical and chemical stimulation

A

specific area of the brain are stimulated to see how this affects behaviour
Olds and Milner found that this in area of the limbic system resulted in pleasure for rats
Wada test - anaesthetic is used prior surgery to shut down language and memory functions in each of the hemispheres
damage to these areas can be prevented during surgery

ethical constraints - animals not humans
less harmful than surgery

33
Q

what are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic system (afterwards)

34
Q

discuss the sympathetic nervous system

A 
stimulates the fight or flight response to threatening situations
dilation of pupils, bronchi
inhibits saliva, digestion and urination
stimulates glucose production
speeds up heart rate
35
Q

discuss the parasympathetic nervous system

A

restores the body to its normal state
constricts pupils, bronchi
stimulates saliva, digestion and unrination and bile production
slows down heart rate

this takes a while as the hormones take longer to disperse

36
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

composed of a number of glands in the body that relase hormones directly into the bloodstream
major gland - pituitary gland - releases ACTH which stimulates the adrenal glands to released adrelenin aiding the sympathetic nervous system

37
Q

effects of the stress response?

A

prolonged exposure is harmful

disruption to sex life, digestion and heart disease

38
Q

effects of the stress response?

A

prolonged exposure is harmful

disruption to sex life, digestion and heart disease

39
Q

what is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?

A

genotype - genetic make up
phenotype - observable charactaristics
genotype + environment = phenotype

40
Q

difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins and why psychology likes them

A

monozygotic - one zygote forms two separate embryos
genetically identical
same genotype

dizygotic - two zygotes
like ordinary brother and sisters
different genotype

can investigate genetic basis of behaviour by studying monozygotic twins

41
Q

difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins and why psychology likes them

A

monozygotic - one zygote forms two separate embryos
genetically identical
same genotype

dizygotic - two zygotes
like ordinary brother and sisters
different genotype

can investigate genetic basis of behaviour by studying monozygotic twins

42
Q

why are twin studies cool? (part of the intelligence and sexual orientation cards)

A

unsure about inheritance or environment? LOOK AT TWINS

monozygotic twins - 100% concordance
dizyygotic twins - LOWER concordance

if it’s the environment - monozygotic twins reared apart would show lower concordance with each other

43
Q

how do we use twins to study intelligence?

A 
wilson - identical twins had a more similar intellectual performance than non identical
couched and Mcgue meta analysis - 
MZ together: 0.86
MZ apart: 0.72
DZ together; 0.6
DZ apart: 0.24
44
Q

how do we use tins to study sexual orientation

A

bailey and pillard -
52% chance of MZ twins were concordant for being gay compared to 22% of Dz twins

criticised as recruitment through targets of gay audience

barman and bruckner - gay is a result of multiple genetic and cultural factors

45
Q

family studies and stuff - addiction and family size/birth order

A

krishnan:
sons of alcoholic dads - biological predisposition towards alcohol

Zajonc: intelligence is related to birth order: the bigger the family and younger you are the lower the IQ
more of an environmental thing really

46
Q

adoption stuiides are important because?

A

genetic basis of behaviour! traits would be like biological if so

Age: plomin: children became more like their biological parents than adopted - genetic influence?

intelligence: scare and weinburg: black kids were adopted into white families and were more similar to biological parents
interracial siblings showed intellectual similarities: environment

adoption: small and richer: stimulating environment!

47
Q

selective breeding

A

plomin:
if selective breeding does not alter the trait or characteristic then it is dependent on the environment

genetic basis for behaviour can be proven with this:
Tryon: maze bright rats
bright rats x bright rats = learned maze faster
dull rats x dull rats = slower
learning is a heritable characteristic

Cooper and Zubeck:
dull rats in boring environment
dull rats in stimulating environment = same errors as maze bright rats
== environment is an important factor

psychology as level (6 decks)

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