BIOPSYCHOLOGY 1.0 Flashcards
what are the 2 major systems of nervous system
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
what are the 2 parts of central nervous system?
brain
spinal cord
what are the 2 part of peripheral nervous system
somatic
autonomic
what are the 2 parts of autonomic nervous system
sympathetic
parasympathetic
-> they are both parralel systems
what is the cns?
consists of brain + spinal cord
is origin of all conscious commands + decisions
waht is peripheral nervous ssytem
sends info from internal and external envi to cns
+ transmitts messages from cns to muscles adn glands in body
what is the somatic nervous system
transmits info from receptor cellsin sense organs to cns
also receivs info from brain which directs effectors to act
what are the 2 effectors
gland
msucles
what is the autonomic nervous system
transmits info to + from internal bodily organs it is automatic as sysstem oeprates involuntariy has 2 main div -> sympathetic (arousal) and parasympathetic (psychological calm) nervous systems
parasympathic…
conserves energy
sympathetic..
incr energy/ arousal
what are the 3 types of neurones in body
sensory
relay
motor neurone
what is a sensory neurone
long neurone
transmit nerve impulses from receptor cell
to an intermed or motor neurone
they have a dendron and an axon
what does a dendron do
carries impulse towards cell body
what des axon do
carries impulse away from body
waht is an intermed/relay neurone
transmit impulses betw neurones -> from sens to motor has no myelin sheath bc short has dendrites found in brain spinal cord
what is the myelin sheath
fatty layer that protects axon and speeds up electrical trasnmission of impulse
-> by jumping from node to node
made by schwann cells adn wrap to form MS
what is the motor neurone
has many dendrites no dendrons
transmit impulses from a relay or intermed neurone
to an effector
-> muscleor gland
they have a long axon and many shrt dendrites
what does the receptor cell do
it receivs signal
-> is stimulated
what is synaptic trasnmission
when chemicals called neurotrasnmitters diffuse across gap called synaptic cleft
what are action potentials
impulses the neurone sends
describe how nuerotransitters diffuse across axon to dendrite
impulses reaches end of pre synaptic nuerone
vesciels fuse w pre synaptic mem + releases neurotransmitters into synaptic cleftN then diffuse across s cleft.. binding onto receptors on post syn neurone membr
this may cause an impusle to be generated in post syn cell membr
-> which amy initiate action potential in nuer (if excitatory)
any remaining n trans is broken down by spec enz in syn cleft
+ re uptaken into pre syn neur
neurotransmitters can either have…
excitatory or inhibitory effects on neurones
waht is excitation
occurs when receptor stim results in an incr in pos charge of postsyn neurone
.. incr likelihood of an impulse in postsyn n
->adrenaline + dopamine excitatory in action
-> when bind onto r on post mem it depolarises to .. may cause an impulse
what is inhibition
occurs when r stim result in incr in neg charge of postsyn n
.. decreases likelihood of it depolarising
-> GABA binds to r + causes CL- ions to enter
-> its maj role is to inhibit effect of other exc neurotransmitters.. producing a sedative or calming effect
whats gaba
neurotransmitter in brain
what is summation
addition of pos and neg postsy potentials
-> a cell can receive both inhibitory and excitatory neurotrasnmitters at same time
-> neg + pos action potentials cancel each other out
.. activation potential can only occur when pre synaptic messages reach threshold of stimulation
why do synaptic trnasmission only ever go in one direction
diffuse high to low
receptors onto on post syn neurone
neurotrasnmitters only ever released on pre.. never on other sde
no matter how many marks what are the 4 points to hormone ques?
name hormone
name gland releasing it
where its target organ is
waht are its effects
what is the endocrine syst?
another messaging system
like nervous system
endorcrine glands produce chem called hormones
which circ blood when released
comapre nervous and endocrine system
e system acts more slowly than n system
e more longterm + widespread effects
effects of endocrine system can effect our biology + our beh
how hormone thyroxine works
produced by thyroid gland
affects cells in hearts .. incr heart rate
-> also affect cells thur out body
.. incr metabollic rates e.g growth rate
what is the fight or flight resp
prepares the body to act in a physcial way to deal witha stressor
what is the stress resp an eg of
eg of how nervous + endoc system work togeth to bring about change
descr fight or flight resp
once sense organs(eyes, ears) have perceived a stressor
hypathalamus is instr to send messgae to automatic nervous syst to activate its sympathetic branch
-> which is useful in times of pysiologicla arousal
its also instr to send m to pituatry gland (body master gland)
-> p gland then secrets acth into blood stream
-> hormone is then received as message by adrenal meduula + cuases release of adrenaline into b steram
-> causes the bodily arousal needed in person to successfully fight or flee astressor
waht are these chsnges and what are tehy coordinated by?
coordinated by sympathtetic nervous system
incr heart rate + breathing -> more o2 more resp
inhibits digestion.. diverting resources to skeletal msucles needed for flight if needed
contracts rectum
dialtes pupils -> wider field of vision of stressor
what happens when person no longer exposed to stressor?
b returns to normal state by parasympathetic sy
.. brings about opposing changes to conserve enegry for next threat
2 pos for fight and flight resp
can be measure objectively -> empirical methods
-> hormone lvls such as adrenaline measured in blood test
.. can be confident in processes involved bc means cannot be affecte bysocial desireability bc cant fake adrenaline lvls
Has helped incr und of neg effects of stress
-> e.g longterm stress can incr risks of heart disease + risk of infection bc immune system is suppressed
-> as a result being aware of dangers of stress -> helps motivate ppl to live life in more healthier way
neg of fight and flight resp
highyl reductionist bc reduces compelx pysch beh down to simple components
-> hypothalamus + chemicals suchas hormones
as a result it overlooks improteant psychological + emotional factors eihc affect p’s resp to env
May have a beta bias bc reduces gender differences in stress resp
taylor 2004 sugg f have stress resp which is characterised more by a pattern of tend and befriend
bc f evolved to be pcg fleeing too readily at sign of danger would risk leaving offspirng in danger
.. instead f protect themselves + offsp thru nurturing beh (tending) and forming alliances w other women (brefriedning)
Does not prov full expl how h resp to stress
gray 1988 points out 1st r to stress is often to avoid confrontation rather than fight or flee
-> many animals incl humans first resp is to freeze
-> this intila freeze resp forces animas + h to look around + gain more info to make best dec on how to resp
