BIOPSYCHOLOGY 1.0

Question 1

what are the 2 major systems of nervous system

Answer 1

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

Question 2

what are the 2 parts of central nervous system?

Answer 2

brain

spinal cord

Question 3

what are the 2 part of peripheral nervous system

Answer 3

somatic

autonomic

Question 4

what are the 2 parts of autonomic nervous system

Answer 4

sympathetic
parasympathetic
-> they are both parralel systems

Question 5

what is the cns?

Answer 5

consists of brain + spinal cord

is origin of all conscious commands + decisions

Question 6

waht is peripheral nervous ssytem

Answer 6

sends info from internal and external envi to cns

+ transmitts messages from cns to muscles adn glands in body

Question 7

what is the somatic nervous system

Answer 7

transmits info from receptor cellsin sense organs to cns

also receivs info from brain which directs effectors to act

Question 8

what are the 2 effectors

Answer 8

gland

msucles

Question 9

what is the autonomic nervous system

Answer 9

transmits info to + from internal bodily organs
it is automatic as sysstem oeprates involuntariy
has 2 main div -> sympathetic (arousal)
and parasympathetic (psychological calm) nervous systems

Question 10

parasympathic…

Answer 10

conserves energy

Question 11

sympathetic..

Answer 11

incr energy/ arousal

Question 12

what are the 3 types of neurones in body

Answer 12

sensory
relay
motor neurone

Question 13

what is a sensory neurone

Answer 13

long neurone
transmit nerve impulses from receptor cell
to an intermed or motor neurone
they have a dendron and an axon

Question 14

what does a dendron do

Answer 14

carries impulse towards cell body

Question 15

what des axon do

Answer 15

carries impulse away from body

Question 16

waht is an intermed/relay neurone

Answer 16

transmit impulses betw neurones
-> from sens to motor
has no myelin sheath bc short
has dendrites
found in brain spinal cord

Question 17

what is the myelin sheath

Answer 17

fatty layer that protects axon and speeds up electrical trasnmission of impulse
-> by jumping from node to node
made by schwann cells adn wrap to form MS

Question 18

what is the motor neurone

Answer 18

has many dendrites no dendrons
transmit impulses from a relay or intermed neurone
to an effector
-> muscleor gland
they have a long axon and many shrt dendrites

Question 19

what does the receptor cell do

Answer 19

it receivs signal

-> is stimulated

Question 20

what is synaptic trasnmission

Answer 20

when chemicals called neurotrasnmitters diffuse across gap called synaptic cleft

Question 21

what are action potentials

Answer 21

impulses the neurone sends

Question 22

describe how nuerotransitters diffuse across axon to dendrite

Answer 22

impulses reaches end of pre synaptic nuerone
vesciels fuse w pre synaptic mem + releases neurotransmitters into synaptic cleftN then diffuse across s cleft.. binding onto receptors on post syn neurone membr
this may cause an impusle to be generated in post syn cell membr
-> which amy initiate action potential in nuer (if excitatory)
any remaining n trans is broken down by spec enz in syn cleft
+ re uptaken into pre syn neur

Question 23

neurotransmitters can either have…

Answer 23

excitatory or inhibitory effects on neurones

Question 24

waht is excitation

Answer 24

occurs when receptor stim results in an incr in pos charge of postsyn neurone
.. incr likelihood of an impulse in postsyn n
->adrenaline + dopamine excitatory in action
-> when bind onto r on post mem it depolarises to .. may cause an impulse

Question 25

what is inhibition

Answer 25

occurs when r stim result in incr in neg charge of postsyn n
.. decreases likelihood of it depolarising
-> GABA binds to r + causes CL- ions to enter
-> its maj role is to inhibit effect of other exc neurotransmitters.. producing a sedative or calming effect

Question 26

whats gaba

Answer 26

neurotransmitter in brain

Question 27

what is summation

Answer 27

addition of pos and neg postsy potentials
-> a cell can receive both inhibitory and excitatory neurotrasnmitters at same time
-> neg + pos action potentials cancel each other out
.. activation potential can only occur when pre synaptic messages reach threshold of stimulation

Question 28

why do synaptic trnasmission only ever go in one direction

Answer 28

diffuse high to low
receptors onto on post syn neurone
neurotrasnmitters only ever released on pre.. never on other sde

Question 29

no matter how many marks what are the 4 points to hormone ques?

Answer 29

name hormone
name gland releasing it
where its target organ is
waht are its effects

Question 30

what is the endocrine syst?

Answer 30

another messaging system
like nervous system
endorcrine glands produce chem called hormones
which circ blood when released

Question 31

comapre nervous and endocrine system

Answer 31

e system acts more slowly than n system
e more longterm + widespread effects
effects of endocrine system can effect our biology + our beh

Question 32

how hormone thyroxine works

Answer 32

produced by thyroid gland
affects cells in hearts .. incr heart rate
-> also affect cells thur out body
.. incr metabollic rates e.g growth rate

Question 33

what is the fight or flight resp

Answer 33

prepares the body to act in a physcial way to deal witha stressor

Question 34

what is the stress resp an eg of

Answer 34

eg of how nervous + endoc system work togeth to bring about change

Question 35

descr fight or flight resp

Answer 35

once sense organs(eyes, ears) have perceived a stressor
hypathalamus is instr to send messgae to automatic nervous syst to activate its sympathetic branch
-> which is useful in times of pysiologicla arousal
its also instr to send m to pituatry gland (body master gland)
-> p gland then secrets acth into blood stream
-> hormone is then received as message by adrenal meduula + cuases release of adrenaline into b steram
-> causes the bodily arousal needed in person to successfully fight or flee astressor

Question 36

waht are these chsnges and what are tehy coordinated by?

Answer 36

coordinated by sympathtetic nervous system
incr heart rate + breathing -> more o2 more resp
inhibits digestion.. diverting resources to skeletal msucles needed for flight if needed
contracts rectum
dialtes pupils -> wider field of vision of stressor

Question 37

what happens when person no longer exposed to stressor?

Answer 37

b returns to normal state by parasympathetic sy

.. brings about opposing changes to conserve enegry for next threat

Question 38

2 pos for fight and flight resp

Answer 38

can be measure objectively -> empirical methods
-> hormone lvls such as adrenaline measured in blood test
.. can be confident in processes involved bc means cannot be affecte bysocial desireability bc cant fake adrenaline lvls
Has helped incr und of neg effects of stress
-> e.g longterm stress can incr risks of heart disease + risk of infection bc immune system is suppressed
-> as a result being aware of dangers of stress -> helps motivate ppl to live life in more healthier way

Question 39

neg of fight and flight resp

Answer 39

highyl reductionist bc reduces compelx pysch beh down to simple components
-> hypothalamus + chemicals suchas hormones
as a result it overlooks improteant psychological + emotional factors eihc affect p’s resp to env
May have a beta bias bc reduces gender differences in stress resp
taylor 2004 sugg f have stress resp which is characterised more by a pattern of tend and befriend
bc f evolved to be pcg fleeing too readily at sign of danger would risk leaving offspirng in danger
.. instead f protect themselves + offsp thru nurturing beh (tending) and forming alliances w other women (brefriedning)
Does not prov full expl how h resp to stress
gray 1988 points out 1st r to stress is often to avoid confrontation rather than fight or flee
-> many animals incl humans first resp is to freeze
-> this intila freeze resp forces animas + h to look around + gain more info to make best dec on how to resp