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biopsych exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

lobotomy

A

separation of a lobe of the brain from the rest

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2
Q

lobectomy

A

removal of lobe or a major part of one from the brain

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3
Q

What type of brain operation was performed on H.M that resulted in his extreme form of amnesia?

A

Bilateral medial temporal lobectomny
Included the removal of hippocampus and amygdala reduced convulsions but suffered minor retrograde amnesia and profound antergrade amnesia

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4
Q

H.M. ‘s case contributed to our current understanding of memory. Which categories of memory were created?

A

Implicit: long term memory that operates unconsciously influencing behavior without intentional recall

explict: long term memory that operates consciously and for the intentional recollection of fact and events allowing you to recall and declare what you remember

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5
Q

What are the two types of explicit memory?

A

Episodic: explicit memories for specific episodes from one’s life
Semantic: explicit memories for general facts or information
Deficits in episodic more serve in bilateral temporal lobe amensia

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of implicit memory?

A

Procedural: skills and habits like riding a bike or typing
Priming: exposure to one stimulus influences your response to a related stimulus even if you dont consciously remember the first exposure
Classical conditioning: learning associations between stimuli and response

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7
Q

Reduced levels of which neurotransmitter is associated with degeneration of the basal forebrain in Alzheimer’s disease.

A

Reduced acetylocholine

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8
Q

Where are memories stored in the brain?

A

Memory are stored diffusely in the brain in order to survive destruction of any structure
Hippocampus
Spatial concepts and encoding
Medial temporal cortex
Long-term memory storage
Mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus
Koraskoffs syndrome
Basal forebrain
Cholinergic hotspot implicated in AD

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9
Q

What are the three forms of energy delivered to the body through digestion?

A

Lipids (fats)
Amino acids (broken down proteins)
Glucose (simple sugar byproduct of carbohydrates)

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10
Q

What are the three forms of energy storage in the body

A

Fats (preferred)
1 gram of fat can store 2 times the energy of glycogen

Glycogen
Attracts waters
If it was the primary form of storage you would weigh 600 lbs

Proteins
Muscle

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11
Q

Describe the three phases of energy metabolism:
Cephalic

A

Preparatory phase
Begins with the sight smell and thought of food
Insulin is release by the pancreas to promote glucose use and storage
Insulin levels high glucagon levels low

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12
Q

Describe the three phases of energy metabolism:
Absorptive

A

When energy is absorbed into the bloodstream
Insulin is released by the pancreas to promote glocuse use and storage
Insulin levels high glucagon levels low

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13
Q

Describe the three phases of energy metabolism:
Fasting

A

When the body utilizes energy stores
The pancreas releases glucagons to promote the use of free fatty acids and ketones by the body
Glucagon levels high insulin levels low

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14
Q

Insulin levels are high during the cephalic and absorptive phases, what do high levels of insulin promote during these two stages of energy metabolism?

A

high levels of insulin promotes
utilzation of blood glocouse as a source of energy
Conversion of excess glocouse to glycogen and fat
Conversion of amino acid to proteins

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15
Q

Where is glycogen stored, fat stored, and protein stored?

A

Storage of glycogen in liver and muscle fat in adipose tissue and protein in muscles

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16
Q

List the weakness of set-point theories.

A

Cannot explain eating disorders
Inconsistent with evolutionary pressures
Eating not sensitive to changes in body fat/calroic status of an individual prior to a meal
Fail to recognize the pressure of taste learning social factors in eating behavior

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17
Q

What is sham-eating and the features of the sham eating preparation

A

Any procedure that mimic normal food consumption but where food and drnks are not actually digested or absorbed
Cut end of the esophagus is tied off
Swallowed food falls to the ground

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18
Q

Define the appetizer effect. What effect does it have on meal size and hunger?

A

Eating a small amount before a meal increases size of meal
Large serving sizes lead to more eating
Eating with social influence often influence serving size
This can both increase or decrease food intake depending on the circumstances
The greater variety of food the more food that is eaten
Food becomes less palatable the more we consume it

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19
Q

Axons of which nucleus of the hypothalamus are also damaged by lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus

A

The paraventraicular nucleus of the hypothalamus

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20
Q

aphagia

A

inability to eat

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21
Q

adipsia

A

inability to drink

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22
Q

Which peptides are satiety peptides

A

CCK
Released from the gastrointestinal tract
Bombesin

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23
Q

which peptides hunger peptides

A

Appetite
Neuropeptide Y
Released from the hypothalamus
Galanin

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24
Q

Which region of the brain contains receptors for many of the hunger and satiety peptides?

A

The hypothalamic circuits possess receptors for many for these peptides

25
What is meant by the settling-point model of eating and body-weight homeostasis?
rather than a fixed "set point," body weight tends to settle at a range influenced by factors like genetics, environment, and lifestyle, with the body responding to changes in energy intake and expenditure to maintain a balance, rather than actively defending a specific weight.
26
What does the water pressure at the nozzle of the garden hose represent?
The water pressure at the nozzle is analogous to the incentive value of the available food
27
What does the amount of water leaking from the barrel represent?
The amount of water entering the barrel is analogous to the amount of consumed energy The water level in the barrel is analogous to the amount of energy being expended
28
What does the weight of the barrel on the hose represent?
The weight of the barrel on the hose is analogous to the strength of the satiey signal
29
Which part of the hypothalamus contains high concentrations of receptors for leptin and insulin?
The receptors of the arcuate nucleus
30
How are leptin and insulin involved in fat storage? Which is correlated with subcutaneous fat?
Leptin influencing energy balnce and fat metabolism ultimately affecting fat storage insulin promotes glucose uptake and fat synthesis in fat cells while also inhibiting the breakdown of stored fat Leptin
31
exocrine glands
release chemicals into ducts
32
endocrine glands
release hormones directly into the circulatory system
33
There are two types of endocrine gonadal glands.
Testes Produce sperm cells Ovaries Produce ova cells
34
What are the three categories of hormones? Which of these are synthesized from cholesterol?
Amino acids derivatives Epinephrine made from tyrosine in the adrenal medulla Peptides and proteins: chains of amino acids Insulin produced by beta cells in the pancreas Steriods: synthesized from cholesterol Cortisol made in the adrenal cortex Also plays a major role in sexual development and behavior
35
The pituitary gland consists of two parts, the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary. Which of these is really the “master gland”?
Anterior pituitary gland
36
Where are oxytocin and vasopressin synthesized?
In the cell bodies of hypothalamic nuclei
37
Which part of the pituitary gland releases oxytocin and vasopressin?
After being transported down the axons to the posterior pituitary gland it is released into the bloodstream
38
The anterior pituitary is neuron free, how then do hormones from the hypothalamus reach the anterior pituitary?
Hormone release here is stimulated by the release of hormones form the hypothalamus Hypothalmic releasing hormones Gonadotropin relaseasing hormone GnRH Hypothalamopituitary portal system Vascular network on both ends connected via portal vein Hormones of the anterior pituitary Gonadotropins follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormones
39
Which part of the pituitary do axons of the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus terminate?
The posterior pituitary
40
What is the correct sequence of structure, from overall to specific control, involved in the regulation of gonadal hormones.
Brain:Neural signals Hypothalmus: Release gonadotropin releasing hormone Hypthalamopituary portal system Anterior pituitary: Release gonadotropin General circulation Positive or negative feedback influences the subsequent release of hormones Behavior is influenced by gonadal hormones acting on the brain Gonads: Release estrogen androgens and progestins Body tissues
41
Six weeks after conception, the primordial gonads of XX and XY individuals are identical. The primordial gonads have both a medulla region and a region of cortex. Which develops into an ovary if no Sry protein is present, and which develops into a testis under the influence of Sry protein?
Gentic females fetsues injected with sry protein develop testes and genetic male fetuses injected witha drug that block sry protein develop ovaries
42
External reproductive organs develop from the same bipotential precursor. How do these organs develop in the presence or absence of testosterone during the proper developmental window?
Testosterone release at the right time in development causes this bipotenital precursor to develop male external dentials In the absence of testosterone it develops into female external genitals
43
What does the aromatization hypothesis propose? What role does alpha-fetoprotein play in this process? Does the aromatization hypothesis generalize to humans?
Not supported in humans Testosterone converted to estradiol= aromatization Estradiol masculizines brain because testosterone is immune to alpha fetoprotein (doesnt cross BBB) which deacitivates estradiol so testosterone can travel form the testes to the brain and then be converted into estradiol
44
Alpha waves as measured by EEG range from 8 – 12 Hz, which states of consciousness are alpha waves associated with?
Indicative of relaxed wakefulness
45
In which stage of sleep are sleep spindles and K complexes found?
Stage 2 Higher voltage and slower than stage 1 K complexes A single negative wave followed by a single large positive wave sleep spindles 1-2 second waxing and waning bursts of 12-15 Hz waves
46
In which stage of sleep do delta waves occur? Why is this stage of sleep often referred to as slow wave sleep?
Stage 3 Delta waves largest and slowest EEG waves (1-2) Hz
47
We cycle through the different sleep stages in 90-minute cycles. What is the difference between initial stage 1 and emergent stage 1 EEGs? Which is associated with REM sleep?
Initial Stage 1 Low voltage fast activity, Slightly slower than that of wakefulness, Theta waves Emergent stage 1 REM or paradoxical sleep, Low levels of muscle tonus in core muscles 90 minutes cycles Less time in stages 2 and 3 as the night progresses more REM sleep Brief periods of forgotten wakefulness
48
Define the term somnambulism. In which stage of sleep does it typically occur?
Sleepwalking Stage 3
49
What is meant by lucid dreaming? Think of some examples of lucid dreaming.
Knowing one is dreaming while dreaming Consciously controlling deaming can be documented and demonstrated
50
What was Hobson’s activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming? How is it related to activity in the brainstem and cortex?
dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity, particularly during REM sleep, where the brainstem sends signals to the cortex, which then synthesizes these signals into a dream narrative.
51
Which type of brain lesions produce cessation of dreaming?
Bilateral lesions of the tempro parieto junction Bilateral lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex
52
Why are studies of sleep deprivation difficult to interpret?
Most people who are deprived of sleep are so because of stress so it is difficult to separate the effects of sleep loss form teh effects of stress
53
the Carousel Apparatus. What is this apparatus used to study? Why are results from these studies difficult to interpret?
Used to deprive an experimental rats of sleep while a yoked control rat is exposed to the same number and pattern of disk ortations This disk on which both rats stand rotates every time the experimental rat displays sleep EEG If the sleeping rat does not awaken immediately it is deposited in the water Serval days of total sleep deprivation has led subject mortality Interpret with caution Confounded with stress
54
The light-dark cycle is an important factor in the timing of most circadian rhythms. In which part of the medial hypothalamus was the circadian clock first discovered?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
55
how is the reticular formation of the brainstem involved in sleep? How is the reticular formation important for wakefulness and REM sleep?
Low levels of activity in the reticular formation produce sleep and high levels produce wakfulness
56
What are the hypnotic drugs that induce sleep
Benzodiazepines Increase drowsiness reduce awakenings increase sleep time Pitfalls include tolerance addiction distort normal sleep patterns next day drowsiness reduced lifespan Imidazopyridines Zolpidem GABAa agonist No safer or more effective than Benzodiazepines Serotonergic agonsits 5 hydroxytryptophan
57
what are the antihypnotic drugs that interfere with normal sleep.
Cocaine derived stimulants Amphetamine derived stimulanes Tricyclic antidepressants Increase the relase of catecholmines Additive spress appetite increase anxiety and termors interfere with normal sleep
58
Insomnia
Too little undisturbed sleep Iatrogenic Delayed falling asleep Not staying asleep Sleep restriction as a treatment Sleep apnea Periodic limb movements syndrome Restless leg syndrome
59
Hypersomnia
Excessive or inappropriate sleep Narcolepsy Falling asleep for 10-15 minutes at inappropriate times Abnormality in mechanism for REM sleep Sleep paralysis Hypnagogic hallucinations Orexin

biopsych (3 decks)

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