BioPsych Exam 2

Question 1

Pathways

Answer 1

Information is relayed from sensory receptors to cortex

Question 2

Afferent neurons are also known as…

Answer 2

Sensory neurons

Question 3

How do afferent neurons send information?

Answer 3

Toward the central nervous system

Question 4

Efferent neurons are also known as…

Answer 4

Motor neurons

Question 5

How do efferent neurons send information?

Answer 5

Away from the central nervous system

Question 6

Sensory coding

Answer 6

Idea that the firing rate of neurons holds information about the stimulus

Question 7

Sensory representation

Answer 7

Idea that the presence of maps throughout the brain represents different aspects of sensory information coming in

Question 8

Energy type of vision

Answer 8

Physical, light waves

Question 9

Sensory receptors of vision

Answer 9

Photoreceptors, rods and cones

Question 10

Coding/mapping of vision

Answer 10

Retinotopic map

Question 11

Pathway of vision

Answer 11

Light –> photoreceptors –> bipolar cells –> retinal ganglion cells –> optic nerve –> optic chiasm –> optic tract –> lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus –> V1 –> dorsal and ventral streams

Question 12

Energy type of audition

Answer 12

Physical, sound waves

Question 13

Sensory receptors of audition

Answer 13

Hair cells, inner and outer

Question 14

Coding/mapping of audition

Answer 14

Tonotopy

Question 15

Pathway of audition

Answer 15

Sound waves –> ear canal –> hair cells bend –> release neurotransmitter to medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus –> A1

Question 16

Energy type of olfaction

Answer 16

Chemical, odorants

Question 17

Sensory receptors of olfaction

Answer 17

Olfactory receptors, cilia activated

Question 18

Coding/mapping of olfaction

Answer 18

Combinatorial coding

Question 19

Pathway of olfaction

Answer 19

Odorant particles –> cilia of olfactory receptors –> mitral cells –> 1 of 3 pathways to brain

Question 20

Energy type of taste

Answer 20

Chemical, food

Question 21

Sensory receptors of taste

Answer 21

Taste receptors, 5 types

Question 22

Coding/mapping of taste

Answer 22

Gustatopic map

Question 23

Pathway of taste

Answer 23

Food particles –> microvilli on receptors –> cranial nerves –> thalamus –> primary gustatory cortex

Question 24

Does vision make a pitstop at the thalamus?

Answer 24

Yes, at the lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 25

Does audition make a pitstop at the thalamus?

Answer 25

Yes, at the medial geniculate nucleus

Question 26

Does olfaction make a pitstop at the thalamus?

Answer 26

Not necessarily

Question 27

Does taste make a pitstop at the thalamus?

Answer 27

Yes

Question 28

Does vision decussate?

Answer 28

Yes, at the optic chiasm

Question 29

Does audition decussate

Answer 29

Yes

Question 30

Does olfaction decussate?

Answer 30

No, stays ipsilateral

Question 31

Does taste decussate?

Answer 31

No, stays ipsilateral

Question 32

What are photoreceptors?

Answer 32

Specialized neurons for vision that transduce light energy into neural activity

Question 33

What are the different types of photoreceptors?

Answer 33

Rods and cones

Question 34

What do rods code for?

Answer 34

Night vision and motion

Question 35

What do cones code for?

Answer 35

Color vision and acuity

Question 36

Where are rods located?

Answer 36

Spread out over retina (sans fovea)

Question 37

Where are cones located?

Answer 37

Almost entirely in the fovea

Question 38

What is the process of transduction in vision?

Question 39

How is light transduced into action potentials?

Answer 39

- Light hyperpolarizes the photoreceptor via G-protein coupled receptors - This reduces inhibition of the bipolar cells which are excitatory - Bipolar cells can now depolarize and fire - This now can excite the retinal ganglion cells, whose action potentials get sent to the brain

Question 40

What is the pathway from the eye into the brain?

Answer 40

Geniculostriate system, goes from optic tract to lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus

Question 41

How do we get to V1?

Answer 41

Via optic radiation from LGN to V1

Question 42

Does vision make any pitstops?

Answer 42

Yes, at the thalamus

Question 43

What type of information is conserved along the vision pathway?

Answer 43

Segregation of color/form/motion information, and left/right fields

Question 44

What are blobs?

Answer 44

Sections of V1 that are sensitive to information about color; input from P cells, output to thin stripes of V2

Question 45

What are interblobs?

Answer 45

Sections of V1 that are sensitive to information about movement and form. Input from M cells, output: - If it's about movement, output to thick stripes of V2 - If it's about form, output to areas of V2 that are between thick and thin stripes

Question 46

What are ocular dominance columns?

Answer 46

Respond preferentially to information from 1 eye

Question 47

How do we perceive location?

Question 48

If parts of our visual pathway are injured, how would that change a person's vision in terms of what part of the visual world they can and cannot see?

Answer 48

If you severed the optic chiasm, you would not be able to see the outer (temporal) portions of visual fields from both eyes

Question 49

How do we perceive edges?

Question 50

How do we perceive color?

Answer 50

Via cones, which can be specialized for blue, green, and red

Question 51

What are the dorsal and ventral streams?

Question 52

What do the dorsal and ventral streams help us accomplish?

Answer 52

- Dorsal: vision-for-action (how we perceive motion); helps with spatial orientation, as well as visually-guided reaching/grasping - Ventral: vision-for-perception; recognition and discrimination of visual shapes/objects

Question 53

What is the general structure of the olfactory system?

Question 54

What are the neurons doing the transduction in olfaction called?

Question 55

What are glomeruli?

Answer 55

Located in the olfactory bulb, glomeruli are made up of the axons from ORN, and they send info to the mitral cells and then to the brain

Question 56

What are mitral cells?

Question 57

What does transduction look like in olfaction?

Question 58

Is there any decussation in olfaction?

Question 59

Where is the primary olfactory cortex located?

Question 60

What is meant by combinatorial coding?

Question 61

Is there a map in olfaction?

Question 62

In what ways is the map in olfaction similar and different from other maps we've discussed?

Question 63

What is the general structure of the gustatory system?

Question 64

How many receptors are there in the gustatory system and what are they?

Question 65

What does transduction look like in gustation?

Question 66

Does information decussate in gustation?

Question 67

Where is the primary gustatory cortex located?

Question 68

Is there a one-to-one relationship between taste bud cells and neurons liking exactly 1 type of taste?

Question 69

Is there a map in gustation?

Question 70

In what ways is the gustation map similar and different to other maps we've discussed?

Question 71

What is the difference between the frequency and amplitude of waves?

Question 72

What structures constitute the outer ear?

Question 73

What structures constitute the middle ear?

Question 74

What structures constitute the inner ear?

Question 75

What is the function of the outer ear?

Question 76

What is the function of the middle ear?

Question 77

What is the function of the inner ear?

Question 78

What is the process of transduction in audition?

Question 79

Where does the auditory pathway enter the brain?

Question 80

Where does the auditory pathway decussate?

Question 81

Does the auditory pathway make a pitstop?

Question 82

Where is A1?

Question 83

How do we perceive pitch?

Question 84

How do we perceive loudness?

Question 85

How do we perceive the location a sound comes from?

Question 86

Where are the dorsal and ventral streams of the auditory pathway?

Question 87

What does the premotor area help us with?

Question 88

How do we code location on the body to move?

Question 89

How do we code which direction to move in?

Question 90

How do we code force with which we need to move?

Question 91

What is the function of the direct pathway?

Question 92

What type of feedback loop is the direct pathway?

Question 93

How does the substantia nigra impact the direct pathway?

Question 94

What is the function of the indirect pathway?

Question 95

What type of feedback loop is the indirect pathway?

Question 96

How does the substantia nigra impact the indirect pathway?

Question 97

What is Parkinson's disease in terms of how it impacts the direct and indirect pathways?

Question 98

What is the cause of Parkinson's disease?

Question 99

How does M1 tell different parts of the body to move?

Question 100

Is there any decussation in movement pathways?

Question 101

What decussates (and what does not) in movement pathways?

Question 102

In what part of the brain does the decussation occur in movement?