Biophysics Flashcards
Concentration of water in body composition is _____ %
60
TBW(total body weight) of the below is
Fetus :
Adult male :
Adult female :
Infant(newborn)
97%
60%(54 - 70)
50%(45 - 60)
75%(65 - 80)
What is the tbw of my father if the estimated weight is 106kg ?
Tbw = w * 60%(for adult male)
106 × 60/100 = 63.6 lit
Why females have less tbw in comparison with males ?
Because females have more fats than males have , and fats and h2o does not mix .
Males have more proteins ( which make up muscles) which cotain more h2o.
اجتهاد شخصي
This explains why a man’s body is larger than a woman’s.
What facilities the continuous exchange between plasma and ISF ?
+++ permeability
# large total surface area of capillaries
What explains the sever and Rapid dehydration of children
Absolute volume of ECF in infant <adult
The exchange between plasma and ISF (interstitial fluid) and the exchange between lSF and ICF is called
Dynamic equilibrium
Where does the exchange between plasma and lSF occure
Capillaries
For a male with 60% of his body is water
2/3 (40%) body H2O is _____ fluid
1/3 body(20%) H2O is ______ fluid
Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
ECF distribute into
1/ plasma 5% or from 3 to 3.5 L
2/ lSF 15% or from 10 to 10.5
What is the average of ICF in a 70kg male
70 × 40%= 28
Average ECF in a 70 kg male
70 × 20%= 14 liter
Plasma consists of ___ % of Body weight
5
Where does the exchange between plasma and lSF occure
Capillaries
Stable dynamic equilibrium exist between all compartment because
Water is constantly and rapidly
passing between all compartments
exchange through capillaries and cellular membranes
How edema pitting occur ?
Increase blood pressure –>
” hydrostatic “ –>
“ water shift from plasma to lCF –>
Causing edema pitting
What is pulmonary edema ? And what are the symptoms
Excess fluid in air saces of lung
Difficulty in breathing and may experience chest pain
Why edema could be a life treating?
Interning of fluid in air saces or alveoli cause difficulty in gas exchange in lungs
Why could pulmonary edema be a life treating?
Excess fluid in air sacs or alveoli causes difficulty in gas exchange in the lungs
تعبير الملزمة صفحة ٦
It compromises(اي تضيق مساحة تبادل الغازات ) gas exchange in lung
Give to e.g of movement of water between the different compartments
Edema
Sweating
The main cation of ECF is
يقصد بكلمة cation العنصر الموجب الذي ينجذب إلى cathode
Na+
ECF contain large quantities of anion, name it
Cl -
مساعدة من د.محمد
كلمة anion تعني ايون سالب الشحنة
The main lCF cation is
K+ potassium
له اسم آخر kalium
The main lCF anions is
Phosphate
Protein
K+
Why plasma contain larger amount of protein than lSF?
Plasma contain high concentration of plasma protein or albumin
What is plasma protein?
High weight molecular prevent excess water from passing through capillaries
Measurement of body h20 قانون
Volume = amount ÷ concentration
Indicator dilation method is
Vol of distribution = amount of substance injected(like inuline)
- amount excreted( هي كمية من المادة المحقونة تخلص منها الجسم في الكلية إلى urine bladder )
÷ concentration of the substance
Requirement of injected substance
Stay only in one compartments mix ALL through compartments
Not effecting h2o distribution
Non toxic
Easy to be measured
Inert substance (don’t active with other body substances)
Substrate any amount excreted
Injected indicator dilatation of TBW
Deuterium oxide
Aminopyrine
Tritium oxide
ECF is injected by
Inuline
Sucrose
Mannitol
Thio cyan ate
Thio sulph ate
Na+ bromide
Injected substance of plasma
Evans blue
Albumin label by radioactive iodine (l 131)
What is the Indirect way to measure lCF
Tbw-ecf
What is the Indirect way to measure lSF
ECF - plasma
Best injected substance of plasma is
Inuline and sucrose
Normal gain of water
Drinking 1.3 liter
Solid(صلب) food 800 ml
Oxidative metabolism
Normal loss of water
Urine 1.5 L
Stool 0.1 L
Insensible(غير محسوس) h2o loss by skin and respiration
Pathological gain of water
Intravesicular injection or infusion
Pathological loss of water
Sever Vomiting
Diarrhea
اي حاجه آخرها rrhea تعني زيادة
سؤال استخلصته من كتاب الكلية
Why ISF is not measured directly?
There is no substance is confined exclusively to this compartment
OR
There is no substance found to measure this compartment
The absolute volume of ECF is larger in adults then infants
True
Blood volume in 70 kg male is
70 × 8%= 5.6 liter
Blood is ____% of human wight
8
___% of blood is plasma
55
____% of blood is RBCs,WBCs,Platelets
45
Blood vol. = ?
Hematocrit = 38%
Plasma vol. = 3500 ml
Blood vol. (100%) =
Hema.(38%)+plasma(62%)
62% plasma –> 3500ml
100% blood vol. –> x ml
طريقة المقص
Blood vol = 5.6 liter
اعطيني قانونين لإيجاد blood volume
Blood vol. =
Plasma × 100/100 - hematocrit value
Blood vol. =
RBCs vol. × 100/ hematocrit value
If we are losing water more than gaining it this is called
Dehydration
Water gain > water loss –> ____
Overhydration or H2O loaded
What is homeostasis ?
Maintenance of constant( ثابت) condition in internal environment(ECF)
E.g for active Homeostasis
When body temp. Raise homeostasis reaction to it is sweating
Advantage of homeostasis
++ chance of survival
Allow freedom to work and live in a greater variety of climatic conditions
Permit ( allow) proper functions of brain
Organs involved in homeostasis
Nerves system
Endocrine “
Immune “
Musculoskeletal “
Kidney and urinary “
Digestive “
Respiratory “
Circulatory “
Homeostasis of nerves system
Nerves send impulses(signal) to muscle to control movement
Homeostasis in Endocrine
Regulate(النظام) cell functions by hormones
يعني اذا حصل وان قل +ca وهذا يسمى stimulation
فينوم الجسم بزيادة +ca وهذا يسمى response
وطبعا يحدث ذلك عندما يتم نحفيز غدة Para thyroid التي تنتج هرمون اسمه PTH الذي يقوم برفع معدل +CA في الدم
اذا زاد معدل GLUCOSE في الدم وهذا هو ما يسمى stimulation، يقوم البنكرياس بإفراز الإنسيولن واذا قل الجلوكوز يقوم البنكرياس بإنتاج جلوكاجين
Homeostasis in respiratory system
Exchange between co2 in blood(تحديدا pulmonary capillaries) and o2 in alveoli
إذ لم يحدث تبادل سوف يزيد معدل co2 which is soluble in h2o forming carbonic acid
Homeostasis in circulatory system
Dissolved construction can diffuse between blood and tissue space
Homeostasis in kidney and urinary system
Remove excess ions and water from blood
من نتائج هضم protein هو urea
لو زاد k+ لازم نتخلص منه
Homeostasis in digestive system
Dissolved nutrition are absorbed into blood
Homeostasis in immune system
Defensive against function
Compartment of homeostasis
Receptor
(Sencer) [ exccse Arch of aorta]
(Detector)
They detect changes internally or external
!!!
Afferent داخلي
!!!
Control central ,medullaoblongata
!!!!!
Effrent (خارج)
!!!!!
Effector organ ( decreases heart +)
Respond to signal from the center to correct error
In negative feedback response of the system is _______ to ____
Antagonistic ( aganist)
Stimuli
E.g for negative feedback
++temp –> control center–> efferent –> sweat gland –> – temp
Positive feedback cause usually ____ of homeostasis
Failure
Another name of positive feedback
Vicious circles دائرة مغلقة
When positive feedback is good ?
During uterine contractions انقباض الرحم in child delivery
Q from book
In position feedback inputs (by resptor ) and outputs (by effect organ) ______
Enhance each other
Structure of cell membrane
Lipid bilayer
Integral protein
Peripheral protein
Carbohydrates
Lipid bilayer contains
Phospholipid
Cholesterol
Who is the major membrane ?
Phospholipids
Function of phospholipids
”-“
Form fence around cell
selective barrier (book: for passage of substance between ICF and ECF)
Fluidity of membrane
FSF
Function of cholesterol
Flexibility of membrane
The other name of Integral protein
Transmembrane protein
له اسم ثاني في كتاب الهيستو intrinsic
Kinds of Integral proteins
Carrier protein
Pump protein
Ion channel مش مكتوبة في جدول اخصر 1الملزمة صفحة
What is Carrie?
Transport substance that cannot cross the membrane by their own carriers (مش في الملزمة )
Transport substance along concentration gradient (downhill)
Passive Transport
What is Pump protein?
They are proteins carries transport substance against conc. Gradient (uphill)
Use energy ATP
Active
What is Ion channel?
Allow passage ions in and out cell
What are peripheral protein ?
Proteins attached to outside or inside the cell
Proteins extend all the way through the membrane
Integral proteins
Name kinds of peripheral proteins
Receptor
Enzymes
Cell adhesion
What is the function of receptors
Bind to neuro-trans-mitters ناقلات عصبية
Or
Hormones
Book: alter cell functions
What is enzymes?
Catalyze specific chemical reaction
What is cell adhesion ?
Anchor cells together
What are carbohydrates?
Short suger chains on outer layer on cell membrane forming glycoprotin and glycolipids
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Receptor
Antigen like blood group
Cell identifying marker
CD4=T helper, CD16=NK
Involved in immune reaction
Function of cell membrane
Establish
Maintain
Modify (تعديل)
Conc. Of different substance between ICF&ECF
Elementerhero can make mango
Cell membrane is a _____ allowing some substance to pass through it and excluding others
Semi-permeable
Kinds of transport across cell membrane
Passive
Active
What is passive transport?
Along Con.c gradient
No need for energy
Diffusion
Active transport
Uphill
Need energy
Kinds of passive transport
Simple (no need carrier)
Facilitated (need carrier)
Kinds of simple passive transport
Trough protein Ion channel
“ ,lipid bilayer
Types of active transport
Primary
Secondary
Define active primary transport
Energy from ATP
ATPase enzymes
انا فاكر ATPase دا انزيم يسبب necrosis للخلية
Define active secondary transport
Energy is provided by conc. Gradient of another Ion
What is diffusion?
It is a passive transport
Substance in solution expand to fill all the available volume.
Mechanism of diffusion
Continous random kinetic movement according to concentration gradient
From area of high conc. To area of low conc.
Factor affecting diffusion
Conc. Or chemical gradient
Surface area of membrane تذكر مثال alveoli
Temperature
Heat increases the motion of mol.
طبعا المثال هذه في الملزمة والكتاب تحت بند membrane permeability is influenced by
Solubility الذوبان
عاد هذه من عند دكتور محمد فايز
Electrical potential difference: affect Ion diffusion
Permeability of membrane
Factor effecting permeability of membrane
Temp : direct heat +++ motions of mol.(direct)
Molecules weight of different substance (Indirect)
كل ما زاد mw قل diffusion rate
Thickness of the membrane[Indirect]
كل ما زاد Thickness قل diffusion rate
Lipid Solubility of substance [direct]
Number of protein channels (direct)
تاتا ماما ثالو لعبت نونو
Ficks law of diffusion
Diffusion rate (amount of substance moved / unite)
=conc. Gradient×surface Area×permeability coefficient
What is permeability coefficient ?
index for rate of movement of substances across the membrane
مؤشر لمعدل حركة المواد عبر الغشاء
E.g = sol , temp
Simple diffusion is characteristics by
Along electrochemical gradient
No need for energy
No need for carrier protein
In simple diffusion certain substance pass through
- Through lipid bilayer
- ” Ion channel
Lipid soluble are also called
Lipophlic
طبعا ذكر هذا الكلام في simple diffusion
Substance cross through lipid bilayer
1.lipid soluble substance example 02, N2 , alcohol
2.despite water is insoluble in lipid, but it could be of those e.g small molecule of H2O or having high kind of energy like bullets.
3.small uncharged H2O soluble molecules example CO2
4.large uncharged H2O soluble molecules example glucose and urea (low diffusion due to large M.W)
- Charge mol. (Ion): extremely low diffusion
Why charged ions are hard to diffuse in lipid bilayer ?
Formation of hydrated ions with water –> large size (MW)
Interaction between their charges & charge on cell membrane
Types of protein ion channels
Leakage channel (membrane pores)
Gated channel
Leakage channel is characterized by
Integral protein that are watery pathway
Tube shaped extend from ECF to ICF
They are highly selective allow free movement
Leakage channel is characterized by
Integral protein that are watery pathway
Tube shaped extend from ECF to ICF
They are highly selective, allow free movement of certain ions or molecules.
Leakage channel is characterized by
Integral protein that are watery pathway
Tube shaped extend from ECF to ICF
T
Leakage channel is characterized by
Integral protein that are watery pathway
Tube shaped extend from ECF to ICF
They are highly selective allow free movement of certain ions or molecules.
Doesn’t change its shape
Leakage channel is characterized by
Integral protein that are watery pathway
Tube shaped extend from ECF to ICF
T
Leakage channel is characterized by
Integral protein that are watery pathway
Tube shaped extend from ECF to ICF
T
Leakage channel is characterized by
Integral protein that are watery pathway
Tube shaped extend from ECF to ICF
T
E.g for leakage channel
Na+ ، k+ leak channel
في leakage channel مش نفس البوابة إلي تدخل كالسيوم رح تطلع صوديوم
Types of gated channel
Chemical-gated (ligand)
Voltage-gated
What is chemical gated (ligand gated) ?
Open or close by binding to a certain ligand substance like
E.g neu-ro-trans-mitter Ach
Name a ligand-gated channel
Ligand-gated Na+ channel
دا المثال مذكور في كتاب الكلية
What is voltage-gated channel ?
Open or closed by alternation in the membrane electrical potential.
Change in membrane voltage results in conformationalتوافوقي change in the protein molecule opening or closing.
There is also some channels of “protein ion channel “ open by
Mechanical stretch (mechano-sensitivite channel)
Membrane permeability to K+ is ______ times more than Na+
50 to 70
يعني دخول الماليسيوم إلى الخلية اعلى بي ٥٠ إلى ٧٠ مرة دخول الصوديوم
What is facilitated diffusion ?
alone electricochemical gradient: from high to low concentration
Downhill
No need for energy
Need carrier protein
The other name of facilitated diffusion is
Carrier mediated diffusion
the rate of facilitated diffusion has a______ That is determined by the number and activity of the carrier
Transport maximum
In facilitated diffusion no.
And activity of carrier are control by hormones like _____
In facilitated diffusion no.
And activity of carrier are control by hormones like _____
In facilitated diffusion no.
And the activity of carrier are controlled by hormones like _____ that increase glucose carrier
Insulin
The other name of diabetes milletus is called
Hyperglycemia
تعني حرفيا ارتفاع السكر في الدم
ما هو اسم الخلايا التي تنتج insulin
Beta cell in pancreas
