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Physiology > Biophysics > Flashcards

Biophysics Flashcards

1
Q

Concentration of water in body composition is _____ %

A

60

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2
Q

TBW(total body weight) of the below is
Fetus :
Adult male :
Adult female :
Infant(newborn)

A

97%
60%(54 - 70)
50%(45 - 60)
75%(65 - 80)

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3
Q

What is the tbw of my father if the estimated weight is 106kg ?

A

Tbw = w * 60%(for adult male)

     106 × 60/100 = 63.6 lit
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4
Q

Why females have less tbw in comparison with males ?

A

Because females have more fats than males have , and fats and h2o does not mix .
Males have more proteins ( which make up muscles) which cotain more h2o.
اجتهاد شخصي
This explains why a man’s body is larger than a woman’s.

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5
Q

What facilities the continuous exchange between plasma and ISF ?

A

+++ permeability

# large total surface area of capillaries

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6
Q

What explains the sever and Rapid dehydration of children

A

Absolute volume of ECF in infant <adult

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7
Q

The exchange between plasma and ISF (interstitial fluid) and the exchange between lSF and ICF is called

A

Dynamic equilibrium

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8
Q

Where does the exchange between plasma and lSF occure

A

Capillaries

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9
Q

For a male with 60% of his body is water
2/3 (40%) body H2O is _____ fluid
1/3 body(20%) H2O is ______ fluid

A

Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid

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10
Q

ECF distribute into

A

1/ plasma 5% or from 3 to 3.5 L
2/ lSF 15% or from 10 to 10.5

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11
Q

What is the average of ICF in a 70kg male

A

70 × 40%= 28

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12
Q

Average ECF in a 70 kg male

A

70 × 20%= 14 liter

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13
Q

Plasma consists of ___ % of Body weight

A

5

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14
Q

Where does the exchange between plasma and lSF occure

A

Capillaries

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15
Q

Stable dynamic equilibrium exist between all compartment because

A

Water is constantly and rapidly

passing between all compartments

exchange through capillaries and cellular membranes

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16
Q

How edema pitting occur ?

A

Increase blood pressure –>

” hydrostatic “ –>
“ water shift from plasma to lCF –>

Causing edema pitting

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17
Q

What is pulmonary edema ? And what are the symptoms

A

Excess fluid in air saces of lung

Difficulty in breathing and may experience chest pain

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18
Q

Why edema could be a life treating?

A

Interning of fluid in air saces or alveoli cause difficulty in gas exchange in lungs

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19
Q

Why could pulmonary edema be a life treating?

A

Excess fluid in air sacs or alveoli causes difficulty in gas exchange in the lungs
تعبير الملزمة صفحة ٦
It compromises(اي تضيق مساحة تبادل الغازات ) gas exchange in lung

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20
Q

Give to e.g of movement of water between the different compartments

A

Edema
Sweating

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21
Q

The main cation of ECF is
يقصد بكلمة cation العنصر الموجب الذي ينجذب إلى cathode

A

Na+

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22
Q

ECF contain large quantities of anion, name it

A

Cl -
مساعدة من د.محمد
كلمة anion تعني ايون سالب الشحنة

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23
Q

The main lCF cation is

A

K+ potassium
له اسم آخر kalium

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24
Q

The main lCF anions is

A

Phosphate
Protein
K+

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25
Q

Why plasma contain larger amount of protein than lSF?

A

Plasma contain high concentration of plasma protein or albumin

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26
Q

What is plasma protein?

A

High weight molecular prevent excess water from passing through capillaries

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27
Q

Measurement of body h20 قانون

A

Volume = amount ÷ concentration

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28
Q

Indicator dilation method is

A

Vol of distribution = amount of substance injected(like inuline)
- amount excreted( هي كمية من المادة المحقونة تخلص منها الجسم في الكلية إلى urine bladder )
÷ concentration of the substance

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29
Q

Requirement of injected substance

A

Stay only in one compartments mix ALL through compartments
Not effecting h2o distribution
Non toxic
Easy to be measured
Inert substance (don’t active with other body substances)
Substrate any amount excreted

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30
Q

Injected indicator dilatation of TBW

A

Deuterium oxide
Aminopyrine
Tritium oxide

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31
Q

ECF is injected by

A

Inuline
Sucrose
Mannitol
Thio cyan ate
Thio sulph ate
Na+ bromide

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32
Q

Injected substance of plasma

A

Evans blue
Albumin label by radioactive iodine (l 131)

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33
Q

What is the Indirect way to measure lCF

A

Tbw-ecf

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34
Q

What is the Indirect way to measure lSF

A

ECF - plasma

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35
Q

Best injected substance of plasma is

A

Inuline and sucrose

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36
Q

Normal gain of water

A

Drinking 1.3 liter
Solid(صلب) food 800 ml
Oxidative metabolism

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37
Q

Normal loss of water

A

Urine 1.5 L
Stool 0.1 L
Insensible(غير محسوس) h2o loss by skin and respiration

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38
Q

Pathological gain of water

A

Intravesicular injection or infusion

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39
Q

Pathological loss of water

A

Sever Vomiting
Diarrhea
اي حاجه آخرها rrhea تعني زيادة

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40
Q

سؤال استخلصته من كتاب الكلية
Why ISF is not measured directly?

A

There is no substance is confined exclusively to this compartment
OR
There is no substance found to measure this compartment

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41
Q

The absolute volume of ECF is larger in adults then infants

A

True

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42
Q

Blood volume in 70 kg male is

A

70 × 8%= 5.6 liter

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43
Q

Blood is ____% of human wight

A

8

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44
Q

___% of blood is plasma

A

55

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45
Q

____% of blood is RBCs,WBCs,Platelets

A

45

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46
Q

Blood vol. = ?
Hematocrit = 38%
Plasma vol. = 3500 ml

A

Blood vol. (100%) =
Hema.(38%)+plasma(62%)

62% plasma –> 3500ml
100% blood vol. –> x ml
طريقة المقص
Blood vol = 5.6 liter

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47
Q

اعطيني قانونين لإيجاد blood volume

A

Blood vol. =
Plasma × 100/100 - hematocrit value

Blood vol. =
RBCs vol. × 100/ hematocrit value

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48
Q

If we are losing water more than gaining it this is called

A

Dehydration

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49
Q

Water gain > water loss –> ____

A

Overhydration or H2O loaded

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50
Q

What is homeostasis ?

A

Maintenance of constant( ثابت) condition in internal environment(ECF)

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51
Q

E.g for active Homeostasis

A

When body temp. Raise homeostasis reaction to it is sweating

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52
Q

Advantage of homeostasis

A

++ chance of survival
Allow freedom to work and live in a greater variety of climatic conditions
Permit ( allow) proper functions of brain

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53
Q

Organs involved in homeostasis

A

Nerves system
Endocrine “
Immune “
Musculoskeletal “
Kidney and urinary “
Digestive “
Respiratory “
Circulatory “

54
Q

Homeostasis of nerves system

A

Nerves send impulses(signal) to muscle to control movement

55
Q

Homeostasis in Endocrine

A

Regulate(النظام) cell functions by hormones
يعني اذا حصل وان قل +ca وهذا يسمى stimulation
فينوم الجسم بزيادة +ca وهذا يسمى response
وطبعا يحدث ذلك عندما يتم نحفيز غدة Para thyroid التي تنتج هرمون اسمه PTH الذي يقوم برفع معدل +CA في الدم

اذا زاد معدل GLUCOSE في الدم وهذا هو ما يسمى stimulation، يقوم البنكرياس بإفراز الإنسيولن واذا قل الجلوكوز يقوم البنكرياس بإنتاج جلوكاجين

56
Q

Homeostasis in respiratory system

A

Exchange between co2 in blood(تحديدا pulmonary capillaries) and o2 in alveoli
إذ لم يحدث تبادل سوف يزيد معدل co2 which is soluble in h2o forming carbonic acid

57
Q

Homeostasis in circulatory system

A

Dissolved construction can diffuse between blood and tissue space

58
Q

Homeostasis in kidney and urinary system

A

Remove excess ions and water from blood
من نتائج هضم protein هو urea
لو زاد k+ لازم نتخلص منه

59
Q

Homeostasis in digestive system

A

Dissolved nutrition are absorbed into blood

60
Q

Homeostasis in immune system

A

Defensive against function

61
Q

Compartment of homeostasis

A

Receptor
(Sencer) [ exccse Arch of aorta]
(Detector)
They detect changes internally or external
!!!
Afferent داخلي
!!!
Control central ,medullaoblongata
!!!!!
Effrent (خارج)
!!!!!
Effector organ ( decreases heart +)
Respond to signal from the center to correct error

62
Q

In negative feedback response of the system is _______ to ____

A

Antagonistic ( aganist)
Stimuli

63
Q

E.g for negative feedback

A

++temp –> control center–> efferent –> sweat gland –> – temp

64
Q

Positive feedback cause usually ____ of homeostasis

A

Failure

65
Q

Another name of positive feedback

A

Vicious circles دائرة مغلقة

66
Q

When positive feedback is good ?

A

During uterine contractions انقباض الرحم in child delivery

67
Q

Q from book
In position feedback inputs (by resptor ) and outputs (by effect organ) ______

A

Enhance each other

68
Q

Structure of cell membrane

A

Lipid bilayer
Integral protein
Peripheral protein
Carbohydrates

69
Q

Lipid bilayer contains

A

Phospholipid
Cholesterol

70
Q

Who is the major membrane ?

A

Phospholipids

71
Q

Function of phospholipids

”-“

A

Form fence around cell

selective barrier (book: for passage of substance between ICF and ECF)

Fluidity of membrane

FSF

72
Q

Function of cholesterol

A

Flexibility of membrane

73
Q

The other name of Integral protein

A

Transmembrane protein
له اسم ثاني في كتاب الهيستو intrinsic

74
Q

Kinds of Integral proteins

A

Carrier protein
Pump protein
Ion channel مش مكتوبة في جدول اخصر 1الملزمة صفحة

75
Q

What is Carrie?

A

Transport substance that cannot cross the membrane by their own carriers (مش في الملزمة )

Transport substance along concentration gradient (downhill)

Passive Transport

76
Q

What is Pump protein?

A

They are proteins carries transport substance against conc. Gradient (uphill)

Use energy ATP

Active

77
Q

What is Ion channel?

A

Allow passage ions in and out cell

78
Q

What are peripheral protein ?

A

Proteins attached to outside or inside the cell

79
Q

Proteins extend all the way through the membrane

A

Integral proteins

80
Q

Name kinds of peripheral proteins

A

Receptor
Enzymes
Cell adhesion

81
Q

What is the function of receptors

A

Bind to neuro-trans-mitters ناقلات عصبية
Or
Hormones
Book: alter cell functions

82
Q

What is enzymes?

A

Catalyze specific chemical reaction

83
Q

What is cell adhesion ?

A

Anchor cells together

84
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Short suger chains on outer layer on cell membrane forming glycoprotin and glycolipids

85
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Receptor

Antigen like blood group

Cell identifying marker
CD4=T helper, CD16=NK

Involved in immune reaction

86
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

Establish
Maintain
Modify (تعديل)
Conc. Of different substance between ICF&ECF

Elementerhero can make mango

87
Q

Cell membrane is a _____ allowing some substance to pass through it and excluding others

A

Semi-permeable

88
Q

Kinds of transport across cell membrane

A

Passive
Active

89
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Along Con.c gradient
No need for energy
Diffusion

90
Q

Active transport

A

Uphill
Need energy

91
Q

Kinds of passive transport

A

Simple (no need carrier)
Facilitated (need carrier)

92
Q

Kinds of simple passive transport

A

Trough protein Ion channel
“ ,lipid bilayer

93
Q

Types of active transport

A

Primary
Secondary

94
Q

Define active primary transport

A

Energy from ATP
ATPase enzymes

انا فاكر ATPase دا انزيم يسبب necrosis للخلية

95
Q

Define active secondary transport

A

Energy is provided by conc. Gradient of another Ion

96
Q

What is diffusion?

A

It is a passive transport
Substance in solution expand to fill all the available volume.

97
Q

Mechanism of diffusion

A

Continous random kinetic movement according to concentration gradient

From area of high conc. To area of low conc.

98
Q

Factor affecting diffusion

A

Conc. Or chemical gradient

Surface area of membrane تذكر مثال alveoli

Temperature
Heat increases the motion of mol.
طبعا المثال هذه في الملزمة والكتاب تحت بند membrane permeability is influenced by

Solubility الذوبان
عاد هذه من عند دكتور محمد فايز

Electrical potential difference: affect Ion diffusion

Permeability of membrane

99
Q

Factor effecting permeability of membrane

A

Temp : direct heat +++ motions of mol.(direct)

Molecules weight of different substance (Indirect)
كل ما زاد mw قل diffusion rate

Thickness of the membrane[Indirect]
كل ما زاد Thickness قل diffusion rate

Lipid Solubility of substance [direct]

Number of protein channels (direct)

تاتا ماما ثالو لعبت نونو

100
Q

Ficks law of diffusion

A

Diffusion rate (amount of substance moved / unite)
=conc. Gradient×surface Area×permeability coefficient

101
Q

What is permeability coefficient ?

A

index for rate of movement of substances across the membrane
مؤشر لمعدل حركة المواد عبر الغشاء
E.g = sol , temp

102
Q

Simple diffusion is characteristics by

A

Along electrochemical gradient
No need for energy
No need for carrier protein

103
Q

In simple diffusion certain substance pass through

A
  1. Through lipid bilayer
  2. ” Ion channel
104
Q

Lipid soluble are also called

A

Lipophlic
طبعا ذكر هذا الكلام في simple diffusion

105
Q

Substance cross through lipid bilayer

A

1.lipid soluble substance example 02, N2 , alcohol

2.despite water is insoluble in lipid, but it could be of those e.g small molecule of H2O or having high kind of energy like bullets.

3.small uncharged H2O soluble molecules example CO2

4.large uncharged H2O soluble molecules example glucose and urea (low diffusion due to large M.W)

  1. Charge mol. (Ion): extremely low diffusion
106
Q

Why charged ions are hard to diffuse in lipid bilayer ?

A

Formation of hydrated ions with water –> large size (MW)

Interaction between their charges & charge on cell membrane

107
Q

Types of protein ion channels

A

Leakage channel (membrane pores)

Gated channel

108
Q

Leakage channel is characterized by

A

Integral protein that are watery pathway

Tube shaped extend from ECF to ICF

They are highly selective allow free movement

108
Q

Leakage channel is characterized by

A

Integral protein that are watery pathway

Tube shaped extend from ECF to ICF

They are highly selective, allow free movement of certain ions or molecules.

108
Q

Leakage channel is characterized by

A

Integral protein that are watery pathway

Tube shaped extend from ECF to ICF

T

109
Q

Leakage channel is characterized by

A

Integral protein that are watery pathway

Tube shaped extend from ECF to ICF

They are highly selective allow free movement of certain ions or molecules.

Doesn’t change its shape

110
Q

Leakage channel is characterized by

A

Integral protein that are watery pathway

Tube shaped extend from ECF to ICF

T

111
Q

Leakage channel is characterized by

A

Integral protein that are watery pathway

Tube shaped extend from ECF to ICF

T

111
Q

Leakage channel is characterized by

A

Integral protein that are watery pathway

Tube shaped extend from ECF to ICF

T

112
Q

E.g for leakage channel

A

Na+ ، k+ leak channel

113
Q

في leakage channel مش نفس البوابة إلي تدخل كالسيوم رح تطلع صوديوم

A
114
Q

Types of gated channel

A

Chemical-gated (ligand)

Voltage-gated

115
Q

What is chemical gated (ligand gated) ?

A

Open or close by binding to a certain ligand substance like
E.g neu-ro-trans-mitter Ach

116
Q

Name a ligand-gated channel

A

Ligand-gated Na+ channel

دا المثال مذكور في كتاب الكلية

117
Q

What is voltage-gated channel ?

A

Open or closed by alternation in the membrane electrical potential.

Change in membrane voltage results in conformationalتوافوقي change in the protein molecule opening or closing.

118
Q

There is also some channels of “protein ion channel “ open by

A

Mechanical stretch (mechano-sensitivite channel)

119
Q

Membrane permeability to K+ is ______ times more than Na+

A

50 to 70
يعني دخول الماليسيوم إلى الخلية اعلى بي ٥٠ إلى ٧٠ مرة دخول الصوديوم

120
Q

What is facilitated diffusion ?

A

alone electricochemical gradient: from high to low concentration
Downhill

No need for energy
Need carrier protein

121
Q

The other name of facilitated diffusion is

A

Carrier mediated diffusion

122
Q

the rate of facilitated diffusion has a______ That is determined by the number and activity of the carrier

A

Transport maximum

123
Q

In facilitated diffusion no.
And activity of carrier are control by hormones like _____

A
123
Q

In facilitated diffusion no.
And activity of carrier are control by hormones like _____

A
124
Q

In facilitated diffusion no.
And the activity of carrier are controlled by hormones like _____ that increase glucose carrier

A

Insulin

125
Q

The other name of diabetes milletus is called

A

Hyperglycemia
تعني حرفيا ارتفاع السكر في الدم

126
Q

ما هو اسم الخلايا التي تنتج insulin

A

Beta cell in pancreas

Physiology (1 decks)

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