Biopharmaceuticals

Question 1

What are the types of biopharmaceuticals?

Answer 1

Cytokines, Antibody, T cell, Checkpoint inhibition, Vaccines

Question 2

What does IFN-a do?

Answer 2

Promotes antiviral and antiproliferative state

Question 3

IFN-a is produced by which cells?

Answer 3

Leukocytes (but not constitutively present in large amounts - inducible)

Question 4

What does IFN-B do?

Answer 4

Inhibits IFN-gamma. Slows growth of attacking immune cells. Stops production of myelin degrading compounds.

Question 5

IFN-B is secreted by which cells?

Answer 5

Somatic cells, fibroblasts, epithelial cells

Question 6

What does IFN-gamma do?

Answer 6

Activates resting macrophages and monocytes to increase their phagocytic activity. Induces macrophages to xp cytokines, MHC proteins and Ig Fc rece.

Question 7

IFN-gamma is secreted by which cell?

Answer 7

T lymphocytes

Question 8

What does IL-2 do?

Answer 8

Activation of B, T, NK cells via autocrine and paracrine effects

Question 9

What does IL-11 do?

Answer 9

Stimulate proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells and induce megakaryocyte maturation –> increase platelet formation

Question 10

What effect does G-CSF have?

Answer 10

Stimulates neutrophil proliferation

Question 11

What effect does GM-CSF have?

Answer 11

Stimulates neutrophil, eosinophil and monocyte proliferation

Question 12

Which type of antibody has murine Vh, Vl and human Ch,Cl, Fc?

Answer 12

Chimeric mab

Question 13

Which type of antibody is entirely human other than murine CDR?

Answer 13

Humanised mab

Question 14

Fill in the blank.

Humanised mab is ___% human

Answer 14

90

Question 15

Fill in the blank.

Chimeric mab is __% human

Answer 15

75

Question 16

What types of antibody derivatives are there?

Answer 16

Antibody conjugate. (Fab)2. Fab. ScFv. Bispecific T cell engagers (BiTe). Trifunctional mab (Triomab). Defucosylated.

Question 17

What is TCR-T?

Answer 17

Genes coding for Va, VB regions of antigen specific TCR transduced into T cells isolated from patients. TCR expressed on T cell. Expand & reinfuse. TCR-T T cells bind to antigens, activate T cells.

Question 18

What is CAR-T?

Answer 18

Genes coding for Vh, Vl of antigen specific Ig are transduced into T cells. scFv (Vh, Vl) expressed on surface of T cells, expanded and reinfused. CAR-T T cell binds to antigens, triggering T cell cytotoxic activity.

Question 19

What therapy may work independent of MHC expression?

Answer 19

CAR-T

Question 20

Which T cell therapy works slower, but is more long lasting?

Answer 20

TCR-T

Question 21

What are the limitations of short peptides in peptide vaccines?

Question 22

What components are involved in the 1st generation of CAR-T?

Answer 22

Only TCR, CD3(S)

Question 23

What components are involved in the 2nd generation of CAR-T?

Answer 23

TCR, CD3(S) co-stimulatory CD28 or 4-1BB intracellular proteins

Question 24

What components are involved in the 3rd generation of CAR-T?

Answer 24

TCR, CD3(S) both co-stimulatory CD28 and 4-1BB intracellular proteins

Question 25

What components are involved in the 4th generation of CAR-T?

Answer 25

TCR, CD3(S), both co-stimulatory CD28 and 4-1BB intracellular protein, transgene.
Binding of antigen triggers expression of transgene. This increases IL-2 which has anti-tumour function and activate more T cells to kill cancer cells.

Question 26

Which generation(s) of CAR-T therapy can act on neo-antigen negative cancer cells?

Answer 26

4th generation. The production of IL-2 may act on neo-antigen negative cancer cells.