Bionics Flashcards
Pins, screws and plates
Made from:
- inert materials like:
- titanium
- stainless steel
- doesn’t stimulate the body to reject them
Where in the body are they used:
- holds together damaged parts while they heal:
- broken bones
- cracked skull
Artificial joints
Made from:
- flexible, inert biomechanics like:
- titanium
- polyethylene
Where in the body are they found:
- joints particularly in:
- fingers
- knees
- hips
Pacemakers
Made from:
- materials that don’t cause an allergic reaction:
- titanium alloys
- plastics
- aren’t corroded by the body’s internal fluids
Where in the body are they used:
- heart
- assists with the pumping of blood around the body
Artificial valves
Made from:
- repressed tissues
- stainless steel
- carbon
Where in the body are they used:
- heart
- replaces damaged valves in the chambers of the heart
Crowns, dentures
Made from:
- calcium phosphate
- alumina
- titanium
Where in the body are they found:
- teeth
Lenses
Made from:
- variety of materials
- depends on the location of replacement
Where in the body are they used:
- eyes
- can be external such as eye glasses
- can be fitted to the eyeball such as contact lenses
Prosphetic limbs
Made from:
- titanium
- stainless steel
- other alloys
- also contains cushioning materials
- electronic components
Where in the body are they used:
- arms
- legs
Cochlear implants
Made from:
- tiny electrodes
- receiver
- implanted into the patient
Where in the body are they found:
- cochlea
- inner ear
Historical development of cochlear implants
- started 30 years ago in 1982 as the first successful person to hear was Graham Carrick
- created by Professor Graeme Clark
- 1983 Ann Clark (chief executive officer at the the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital) were the only hospital to do this
- 1985 Professor Clark performed this surgery on children and it developed their speech and language skills at normal rates
Historical development of artificial valves
- 1950s discovered that collagen made them very strong
- early designs made them discover that it caused blood clots and wasn’t very strong so it needed knitted teflon
- 1961 success rate in dogs made Starr want to test this on humans
Valves
A membranous fold in a hollow organ or tubular structure (blood vessel or the digestive tract) that maintains the flow of the contents in one direction by closing in response to any pressure from reverse flow
Atria
Atrium
- each of the two upper cavities of the heart where blood is passed to ventricles
Ventricles
Each of the two main chambers of the heart (left and right)
Artery
Any of the muscular- walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood (mainly oxygenated) is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body
Coronary artery
Artery supplying blood to the heart
Pulmonary artery
Artery carrying blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation
Vein
Any of the tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body
Carries in most cases oxygen-depleted blood
Heartbeat and rhythm
- muscle contraction in the heart is automatic and independent
- keeps blood moving in its cycle around the body and back again
- in order to have an effective pump every beat - requires a coordination of separate muscle cells
- synoatrial node
Automatic nervous system
- involuntary part of the nervous system
- consists of nerves that can temporarily speed up or slow down heart rate
- stimulates the electrical signals in the heart tissue
- when you exercise heart pumps faster to increase the rate where fresh oxygen reaches the cells of the body
- heart adjusts to demands through the actions of nerves
- hormones and other substances also mimic the action of these nerves - speeding heart rate
Nodal system
- special tissues only found in the heart
- forces the heart to contract about 75 beats per minute
- group of special cells called the sinoatrial node found in right atrium
- connected to another node for contracting the ventricles (atrioventricular node) and to other fibres (conduction pathways) spread within the muscles of the heart’s chambers
- sinoatrial node is the heart’s natural pacemaker
- initiates an electrical impulse (heartbeat)
- causes the atria and then the ventricles to contract and pump blood
- s node starts each heartbeat and sets the pace for the whole heart
Heart sounds
- heartbeats can be heard with a stethoscope
- allows the functioning of the heart to be heard
- two sounds will be distinguishable (lub and dup)
- noises are made when the valves of the heart close
- lub sound is made when valves between the atria and the ventricles (bicuspid and tricuspid valves) close and blood in both sides of the heart is pushed out by the contracting ventricles
- lub sound is longer and louder than the dup sound
- dup sound is made when the semilunar valves in the pulmonary artery and the aorta close
Interruptions to the normal rhythm of the heart
- detected with a stethoscope or an electrocardiogram (ECG)
- shows an abnormal pattern
- indicates that something may be wrong with the heart
- several situations that can cause abnormalities
Heart murmur
- blood is supposed to flow silently when heart chambers are smooth and unblocked
- if blood flow is disturbed by obstructions or vibrations of the muscle walls, the flow can become turbulent and can be heard with a stethoscope
- can be quite common in young children whose heart walls are thin but their heart is perfectly healthy
- can sometimes indicate a problem with leaky valves
- if valves don’t seal blood off properly from flowing backwards, blood flowing back into a chamber can be heard as a murmur
Pins, screws and plates
Made from:
- inert materials like:
- titanium
- stainless steel
- doesn’t stimulate the body to reject them
Where in the body are they used:
- holds together damaged parts while they heal:
- broken bones
- cracked skull
Artificial joints
Made from:
- flexible, inert biomechanics like:
- titanium
- polyethylene
Where in the body are they found:
- joints particularly in:
- fingers
- knees
- hips
Pacemakers
Made from:
- materials that don’t cause an allergic reaction:
- titanium alloys
- plastics
- aren’t corroded by the body’s internal fluids
Where in the body are they used:
- heart
- assists with the pumping of blood around the body
Artificial valves
Made from:
- repressed tissues
- stainless steel
- carbon
Where in the body are they used:
- heart
- replaces damaged valves in the chambers of the heart
Crowns, dentures
Made from:
- calcium phosphate
- alumina
- titanium
Where in the body are they found:
- teeth
Lenses
Made from:
- variety of materials
- depends on the location of replacement
Where in the body are they used:
- eyes
- can be external such as eye glasses
- can be fitted to the eyeball such as contact lenses
Prosphetic limbs
Made from:
- titanium
- stainless steel
- other alloys
- also contains cushioning materials
- electronic components
Where in the body are they used:
- arms
- legs
Cochlear implants
Made from:
- tiny electrodes
- receiver
- implanted into the patient
Where in the body are they found:
- cochlea
- inner ear
Historical development of cochlear implants
- started 30 years ago in 1982 as the first successful person to hear was Graham Carrick
- created by Professor Graeme Clark
- 1983 Ann Clark (chief executive officer at the the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital) were the only hospital to do this
- 1985 Professor Clark performed this surgery on children and it developed their speech and language skills at normal rates
Historical development of artificial valves
- 1950s discovered that collagen made them very strong
- early designs made them discover that it caused blood clots and wasn’t very strong so it needed knitted teflon
- 1961 success rate in dogs made Starr want to test this on humans
Valves
A membranous fold in a hollow organ or tubular structure (blood vessel or the digestive tract) that maintains the flow of the contents in one direction by closing in response to any pressure from reverse flow
Atria
Atrium
- each of the two upper cavities of the heart where blood is passed to ventricles
Ventricles
Each of the two main chambers of the heart (left and right)
Artery
Any of the muscular- walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood (mainly oxygenated) is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body
Coronary artery
Artery supplying blood to the heart
Pulmonary artery
Artery carrying blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation
Vein
Any of the tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body
Carries in most cases oxygen-depleted blood
Heartbeat and rhythm
- muscle contraction in the heart is automatic and independent
- keeps blood moving in its cycle around the body and back again
- in order to have an effective pump every beat - requires a coordination of separate muscle cells
- synoatrial node
Automatic nervous system
- involuntary part of the nervous system
- consists of nerves that can temporarily speed up or slow down heart rate
- stimulates the electrical signals in the heart tissue
- when you exercise heart pumps faster to increase the rate where fresh oxygen reaches the cells of the body
- heart adjusts to demands through the actions of nerves
- hormones and other substances also mimic the action of these nerves - speeding heart rate
Nodal system
- special tissues only found in the heart
- forces the heart to contract about 75 beats per minute
- group of special cells called the sinoatrial node found in right atrium
- connected to another node for contracting the ventricles (atrioventricular node) and to other fibres (conduction pathways) spread within the muscles of the heart’s chambers
- sinoatrial node is the heart’s natural pacemaker
- initiates an electrical impulse (heartbeat)
- causes the atria and then the ventricles to contract and pump blood
- s node starts each heartbeat and sets the pace for the whole heart
Heart sounds
- heartbeats can be heard with a stethoscope
- allows the functioning of the heart to be heard
- two sounds will be distinguishable (lub and dup)
- noises are made when the valves of the heart close
- lub sound is made when valves between the atria and the ventricles (bicuspid and tricuspid valves) close and blood in both sides of the heart is pushed out by the contracting ventricles
- lub sound is longer and louder than the dup sound
- dup sound is made when the semilunar valves in the pulmonary artery and the aorta close
Interruptions to the normal rhythm of the heart
- detected with a stethoscope or an electrocardiogram (ECG)
- shows an abnormal pattern
- indicates that something may be wrong with the heart
- several situations that can cause abnormalities
Heart murmur
- blood is supposed to flow silently when heart chambers are smooth and unblocked
- if blood flow is disturbed by obstructions or vibrations of the muscle walls, the flow can become turbulent and can be heard with a stethoscope
- can be quite common in young children whose heart walls are thin but their heart is perfectly healthy
- can sometimes indicate a problem with leaky valves
- if valves don’t seal blood off properly from flowing backwards, blood flowing back into a chamber can be heard as a murmur
