BIOMOLECULES WEEK 2 Flashcards
are a source of
energy and provide structural
support
CARBOHYDRATES
have a wide range of functions, such as catalyzing reactions
and transporting substances
into and out of cells
Proteins
store genetic
information and
function in gene
expression.
Nucleic acids
are a group of
diverse molecules that do
not mix well with water. Key
functions include providing
energy, making up cell
membranes, and acting as
hormones
Lipids
is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds, much as a train consists of a chain of boxcars
POLYMER
repeating units that serve as
the building blocks of a polymer are smaller molecules
MONOMER
means water breakage adds a water molecule, breaking a bond.
HYDROLYSIS
specialized macromolecules (usually proteins) that speed up chemical reactions
ENZYMES
If a water molecule is lost, it is known as an OR removes a water molecule, forming a new bond.
DEHYDRATION REACTION
(C6H12O6)
GLUCOSE
consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
disaccharide
The bonding of two glucose
units’ forms
MALTOSE
maltose is a disaccharide formed by the linking of two molecules of glucose
maltose
are macromolecules, polymers with a few
hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
Polysaccharides
a polymer of glucose monomers, as granules within cellular structures
known as
PLASTIDS
unbranched the simplest form of
starch.
Amylose
somewhat branched a more complex starch is a branched polymer with 1–6 linkages at the branch points
Amylopectin
1–4 linkage of c glucose monomers. All monomers
are in the same orientation
STARCH
are the one class of large biological molecules that does
not include true polymers, and they are generally not big enough to be considered macromolecules.
LIPIDS
Other names for a fat are
triacylglycerol and triglyceridE
creates a kink in the hydrocarbon
chain wherever it occurr
cis double bond
The molecular building blocks of a fat are
one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids
food labels means that unsaturated fats have been synthetically converted to saturated
fats by adding hydrogen, allowing them to solidify
hydrogenated vegetable oils
has a choline attached to a phosphate group
phosphatidylcholine
The bond
between amino acids is called
polypeptide
When phospholipids are added to
water, they self-assemble into a double-layered sheet called a
Bilayer
are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
Steroids
is a biologically functional molecule made up of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure
protein
Greek word proteios,
meaning
“first,” or “primary
Movement Motor proteins are responsible for the undulations of cilia
and flagella
Contractile and motor proteins
is an organic molecule with both an amino
group and a carboxyl group
Amino acids
Casein, the protein of milk, is the major source of amino
acids for baby mammals
Storage of amino acids
Selective acceleration of chemical reactions
Example: Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food
molecules.
Enzymatic proteins
Coordination of an organism ‘s activities
Example: Insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, causes other
tissues to take up glucose, thus regulating blood sugar concentration.
Hormonal proteins
Protection against disease Antibodies inactivate and help destroy viruses and bacteria.
Defensive proteins
Hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein of vertebrate
blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body
Transport of substances
Keratin is the protein of hair, horns, feathers, and other skin
appendages.
Structural proteins
: Receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell detect signaling molecules released by other nerve cells.
Response of cell to chemical stimuli
Emphasizes
the overall globular shape.
Space-filling model
Shows only
the polypeptide backbone, emphasizing how it folds and coils to form a 3-D shape, in this case stabilized
by disulfide bridge
Ribbon model
Shows the polypeptide backbone
with side chains extending from
it
Wireframe model
of a protein is its sequence of amino
acids Linear chain of amino acids
Primary Structure
Regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds
between atoms of the polypeptide backbone
Secondary Structure
Three-dimensional shape stabilized by
interactions between side chains
Tertiary Structure
Association of two or more polypeptides
(some proteins only)
Quaternary Structure
