biomolecules, organic molecules, disorders, cells, nutritional facts Flashcards
dictate the level of organization
atoms molecules organelles cells tissues organs organ system organism population community ecosystem biome biosphere
he discovered units called “ cells” in a cork that appeared like little boxes or honeycomb
robert hooke
he melted strands of spun glass to create lenses
robert hooke
he improved the lenses of the microscope and found “animalcules”
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
what was one of the objects Leeuwenhoek first observed for his discovery?
tartar scraped from his own teeth
why were little advancements made after Leeuwenhoek’s and Hooke’s discoveries?
people believed in spontaneous generation
it is the study of carbon compounds
organic chemistry
how many bonds can carbon form?
4; it is tetravalent
what type of bonds do organic molecules have?
covalent bonds
it is the simplest organic molecule made up of only carbon and hydrogen
hydrocarbons (R)
what are the two types of hydrocarbons?
saturated and unsaturated
what are saturated hydrocarbons?
aka alkanes;
all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds
H H
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H-C-C-H
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H Hwhat are unsaturated hydrocarbons?
it is when molecules at least have one carbon-carbon double bond (alkenes) and triple bond (alkynes)
what are unstaturated aromatic compounds?
they form closed rings of alternating single and double bonds
what happens when carbon bonds to a more electronegative element?
they result to polar covalent bonds (between different atoms like Cl and H)
what are the 4 elements that organic molecules often contain? (other than C & H)
nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen
how many bonds can nitrogen form?
1-3 bonds (Group5A)
how many bonds can sulfur and oxygen form?
1-2 bonds (Group6A)
how many bonds can hydrogen form?
1 bond (1A)
how are organic compounds classified?
families; according to structural features (chemical behavior of members are predicted based on the grouping of atoms) (biological molecules)
what are functional groups?
the structural features that allow classification of organic compounds into families. they share the same goal
it makes them unique & distinctive
an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that has a physical or chemical behaviour
it is a disease when a person has high blood glucose because insulin production is inadequate or the body does not respond properly to insulin
diabetes or diabetes mellitus
what are the symptoms of diabetes?
polyuria - frequent urination
polydipsia - frequent thirst
polyphagia - frequent hunger
what is the diagnosis for diabetes?
FPG or fasting plasma glucose test
what is the treatment for diabetes?
regular insulin injections, special diet and exercise
what is galactosemia?
a rare and hereditary disorder of carbohydrate metabolism that affects the body’s ability to convert galactose to glucose
what is the cause of galactosemia?
deficiency in the enzyme “galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT)
what are the symptoms of galactosemia?
irritability lethargy poor feeding poor weight gain jaundice (yellow skin & whites of the eyes) vomiting
what is the diagnosis for galactosemia?
measuring levels of galactose-1-phosphate in RBC and GALT enzyme activty; testing GALT gene
what is the treatment for galactosemia?
avoid milk, dairy, and food that contains galactose
what is Atherosclerosis?
it is when plaque (fat, cholesterol, calcium) builds up inside the arteries and narrows, thus oxygen-rich blood flow is limited
what are the symptoms of Atherosclerosis?
depends on the blood vessel affected: carotid arteries sudden weakness paralysis confusion problems breathing loss of consciousness sudden & severe headache
what is the diagnosis for Atherosclerosis?
physical exam diagnostic test blood test EKG echocardiography CT scan stress testing aniography
what is the treatment for Atherosclerosis?
medicine for lowering blood cholesterol level and surgery (coronary artery bypass grafting)
what is tay sachs disease?
it is a fatal genetic disorder in children that results to abnormal accumulation of a lipid called GM2 ganglioside in the nerve cells of the brain
what causes tay sachs disease?
absence of enzyme hexosaminidase-A (hex-A)
what are the symptoms of tay sachs disease?
development of cherry red spots in the eyes seizures difficulty in swallowing hearing loss confusion disorientation dementia paralysis blindness
what is the diagnosis for tay sachs disease?
biochemical test measuring the level of Hex-A in the blood
what is the treatment for tay sachs disease?
wala
what is Phenylketonuria?
inherited disorder where levels of phenylalanine builds up in the body, harming the central nervous system and causes brain damage
what causes Phenylketonuria?
absence of enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (breaks down phenylalanine)
what are the symptoms of Phenylketonuria?
lighter sin\kin, hair and eyes than siblings without the disease
breathe, skin, ear wax and urine may have mousy odor
what is the diagnosis for Phenylketonuria?
blood test
urine test
what is the treatment for Phenylketonuria?
diet with low phenylalanine
what is Maple Syrup Urine Disease?
an inherited disorder wherein a person cannot break down the amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine; leading to a buildup of these chemicals in the blood
what are the symptoms of Maple Syrup Urine Disease?
avoiding food feeding difficulties lethargy seizures urine smells like maple syrup vomiting
what is the diagnosis forMaple Syrup Urine Disease?
blood test as a newborn screening
what is the treatment for Maple Syrup Urine Disease?
eating a protein-free diet
what is Gaucher’s Disease (Go-Shay’s Disease)?
genetic disorder caused by a deficiency in the enzyme glucocerebrosidase; resulting to the accumulation of glucocerebroside (a sphingolipid) in WBS and in macrophages
what are the symptoms of Gaucher’s Disease?
bruising fatigue anemia low blood platelet count enlargement of liver & spleen
what is the diagnosis for Gaucher’s Disease?
enzyme testing
genetic testing
what is the treatment for Gaucher’s Disease?
enzyme replacement treatment
medication preventing the formation of glucocerebroside.
why did Robert hooke describe the cell as cubicles?
it was where monks studied & prayed
Who is Joseph Jackson Lister?
he developed the microscope by creating a more compound one with greater magnification than the simple microscopes
(achromatic lenses - distortion)
who is robert brown?
he discovered the nucleus
how did robert brown describe the nucleus?
roughly circular objects in the cells from orchid plants
+ followed by the discovery of the cytoplasm by microscopists+
what is the brownian motion?
movements of particles in a liquid or gas suspension, formed by the impact of molecules surrounding the medium
who is Mathias Schleiden?
he stated that plants are made up of cells
who is Theodor Schwann?
he stated that animals are made up of cells
what are the 3 cell theories?
- all organisms are made up of 1 or more cells
- the cell is the fundamental unit of life
- all cells came from pre-existing cells
what did Mathias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann theorize about the cell?
cells are elementary particles of an organism and the unit of structure and function
who is rudolf virchow?
he theorized that cells came from pre-existing cells & contradicted the theory of spontaneous generation
