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4th year > biomolecules, organic molecules, disorders, cells, nutritional facts > Flashcards

biomolecules, organic molecules, disorders, cells, nutritional facts Flashcards

1
Q

dictate the level of organization

A 
atoms
molecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ system
organism 
population 
community
ecosystem
biome
biosphere
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2
Q

he discovered units called “ cells” in a cork that appeared like little boxes or honeycomb

A

robert hooke

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3
Q

he melted strands of spun glass to create lenses

A

robert hooke

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4
Q

he improved the lenses of the microscope and found “animalcules”

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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5
Q

what was one of the objects Leeuwenhoek first observed for his discovery?

A

tartar scraped from his own teeth

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6
Q

why were little advancements made after Leeuwenhoek’s and Hooke’s discoveries?

A

people believed in spontaneous generation

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7
Q

it is the study of carbon compounds

A

organic chemistry

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8
Q

how many bonds can carbon form?

A

4; it is tetravalent

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9
Q

what type of bonds do organic molecules have?

A

covalent bonds

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10
Q

it is the simplest organic molecule made up of only carbon and hydrogen

A

hydrocarbons (R)

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11
Q

what are the two types of hydrocarbons?

A

saturated and unsaturated

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12
Q

what are saturated hydrocarbons?

A 
aka alkanes; 
all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds 
    H H
     |   | 
H-C-C-H
     |   |
    H H
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13
Q

what are unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

it is when molecules at least have one carbon-carbon double bond (alkenes) and triple bond (alkynes)

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14
Q

what are unstaturated aromatic compounds?

A

they form closed rings of alternating single and double bonds

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15
Q

what happens when carbon bonds to a more electronegative element?

A

they result to polar covalent bonds (between different atoms like Cl and H)

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16
Q

what are the 4 elements that organic molecules often contain? (other than C & H)

A

nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen

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17
Q

how many bonds can nitrogen form?

A

1-3 bonds (Group5A)

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18
Q

how many bonds can sulfur and oxygen form?

A

1-2 bonds (Group6A)

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19
Q

how many bonds can hydrogen form?

A

1 bond (1A)

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20
Q

how are organic compounds classified?

A

families; according to structural features (chemical behavior of members are predicted based on the grouping of atoms) (biological molecules)

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21
Q

what are functional groups?

A

the structural features that allow classification of organic compounds into families. they share the same goal

it makes them unique & distinctive

an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that has a physical or chemical behaviour

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22
Q

it is a disease when a person has high blood glucose because insulin production is inadequate or the body does not respond properly to insulin

A

diabetes or diabetes mellitus

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23
Q

what are the symptoms of diabetes?

A

polyuria - frequent urination
polydipsia - frequent thirst
polyphagia - frequent hunger

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24
Q

what is the diagnosis for diabetes?

A

FPG or fasting plasma glucose test

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25
Q

what is the treatment for diabetes?

A

regular insulin injections, special diet and exercise

26
Q

what is galactosemia?

A

a rare and hereditary disorder of carbohydrate metabolism that affects the body’s ability to convert galactose to glucose

27
Q

what is the cause of galactosemia?

A

deficiency in the enzyme “galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT)

28
Q

what are the symptoms of galactosemia?

A 
irritability
lethargy 
poor feeding
poor weight gain
jaundice (yellow skin & whites of the eyes)
vomiting
29
Q

what is the diagnosis for galactosemia?

A

measuring levels of galactose-1-phosphate in RBC and GALT enzyme activty; testing GALT gene

30
Q

what is the treatment for galactosemia?

A

avoid milk, dairy, and food that contains galactose

31
Q

what is Atherosclerosis?

A

it is when plaque (fat, cholesterol, calcium) builds up inside the arteries and narrows, thus oxygen-rich blood flow is limited

32
Q

what are the symptoms of Atherosclerosis?

A 
depends on the blood vessel affected: carotid arteries sudden weakness
paralysis
confusion
problems breathing
loss of consciousness
sudden & severe headache
33
Q

what is the diagnosis for Atherosclerosis?

A 
physical exam
diagnostic test
blood test
EKG
echocardiography
CT scan
stress testing
aniography
34
Q

what is the treatment for Atherosclerosis?

A

medicine for lowering blood cholesterol level and surgery (coronary artery bypass grafting)

35
Q

what is tay sachs disease?

A

it is a fatal genetic disorder in children that results to abnormal accumulation of a lipid called GM2 ganglioside in the nerve cells of the brain

36
Q

what causes tay sachs disease?

A

absence of enzyme hexosaminidase-A (hex-A)

37
Q

what are the symptoms of tay sachs disease?

A 
development of cherry red spots in the eyes
seizures
difficulty in swallowing
hearing loss
confusion
disorientation
dementia
paralysis 
blindness
38
Q

what is the diagnosis for tay sachs disease?

A

biochemical test measuring the level of Hex-A in the blood

39
Q

what is the treatment for tay sachs disease?

A

wala

40
Q

what is Phenylketonuria?

A

inherited disorder where levels of phenylalanine builds up in the body, harming the central nervous system and causes brain damage

41
Q

what causes Phenylketonuria?

A

absence of enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (breaks down phenylalanine)

42
Q

what are the symptoms of Phenylketonuria?

A

lighter sin\kin, hair and eyes than siblings without the disease
breathe, skin, ear wax and urine may have mousy odor

43
Q

what is the diagnosis for Phenylketonuria?

A

blood test

urine test

44
Q

what is the treatment for Phenylketonuria?

A

diet with low phenylalanine

45
Q

what is Maple Syrup Urine Disease?

A

an inherited disorder wherein a person cannot break down the amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine; leading to a buildup of these chemicals in the blood

46
Q

what are the symptoms of Maple Syrup Urine Disease?

A 
avoiding food
feeding difficulties
lethargy
seizures
urine smells like maple syrup
vomiting
47
Q

what is the diagnosis forMaple Syrup Urine Disease?

A

blood test as a newborn screening

48
Q

what is the treatment for Maple Syrup Urine Disease?

A

eating a protein-free diet

49
Q

what is Gaucher’s Disease (Go-Shay’s Disease)?

A

genetic disorder caused by a deficiency in the enzyme glucocerebrosidase; resulting to the accumulation of glucocerebroside (a sphingolipid) in WBS and in macrophages

50
Q

what are the symptoms of Gaucher’s Disease?

A 
bruising
fatigue 
anemia
low blood platelet count
enlargement of liver & spleen
51
Q

what is the diagnosis for Gaucher’s Disease?

A

enzyme testing

genetic testing

52
Q

what is the treatment for Gaucher’s Disease?

A

enzyme replacement treatment

medication preventing the formation of glucocerebroside.

53
Q

why did Robert hooke describe the cell as cubicles?

A

it was where monks studied & prayed

54
Q

Who is Joseph Jackson Lister?

A

he developed the microscope by creating a more compound one with greater magnification than the simple microscopes
(achromatic lenses - distortion)

55
Q

who is robert brown?

A

he discovered the nucleus

56
Q

how did robert brown describe the nucleus?

A

roughly circular objects in the cells from orchid plants

+ followed by the discovery of the cytoplasm by microscopists+

57
Q

what is the brownian motion?

A

movements of particles in a liquid or gas suspension, formed by the impact of molecules surrounding the medium

58
Q

who is Mathias Schleiden?

A

he stated that plants are made up of cells

59
Q

who is Theodor Schwann?

A

he stated that animals are made up of cells

60
Q

what are the 3 cell theories?

A
  1. all organisms are made up of 1 or more cells
  2. the cell is the fundamental unit of life
  3. all cells came from pre-existing cells
61
Q

what did Mathias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann theorize about the cell?

A

cells are elementary particles of an organism and the unit of structure and function

62
Q

who is rudolf virchow?

A

he theorized that cells came from pre-existing cells & contradicted the theory of spontaneous generation

4th year (1 decks)

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