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Biology Core Concepts > Biomolecules - Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Biomolecules - Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are carbohydrates are made from?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

What do you two monosaccharides form?

A

A disaccharide

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3
Q

What do you many monosaccharides form?

A

A polysaccharide

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4
Q

What is the general formula formula monosaccharide?

A

(CH2O)n

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5
Q

How many carbons does a triose sugar have?

A

3

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6
Q

How many carbons does a pentose sugar have?

A

5

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7
Q

How many carbons does a hexose sugar have?

A

6

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8
Q

What type of sugar is it glucose molecule ?

A

A hexose sugar

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9
Q

What is an isomer?

A

An isomer is when it has the same chemical formula but different structural formula e.g alpha and beta glucose

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10
Q

Where is the OH group in the alpha glucose?

A

It is found below carbon one.

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11
Q

Where is the OH group in the beta glucose?

A

It is found above carbon one.

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12
Q

What happens in a condensation reaction?

A

Larger molecules are formed, a new covalent bond is formed and a water molecule is removed.

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13
Q

What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Smaller molecules are formed, a covalent bond is broken and a water molecule is added.

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14
Q

Alpha glucose + alpha glucose =

A

Maltose

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15
Q

Alpha glucose + fructose =

A

Sucrose

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16
Q

Alpha glucose + galactose =

A

Lactose

17
Q

Where is maltose found?

A

It is found in germinating seeds which is formed via a condensation reaction.

18
Q

Where is sucrose found?

A

It is transported in the phloem of flowering plants.

19
Q

Where is lactose found?

A

It is found in mammalian milk.

20
Q

What bond is formed in a condensation reaction?

A

A glycosidic bond.

21
Q

What are monosaccharides functions?

A

A source of energy in respiration, building blocks for larger molecules, intermediates and reactions, and constituents for nucleotides.

22
Q

What are carbohydrates functions?

A

Instant energy sources, transportable or storable forms of energy and structural materials.

23
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

They are large complex polymers.

24
Q

How are polysaccharides formed?

A

They are formed by large numbers of monosaccharide units, the monomers which are linked by glycosidic bonds.

25
Q

What is the main store of glucose in plants?

A

Starch

26
Q

Why is starch the main store in plants?

A

It is insoluble so has no osmotic effect so it cannot diffuse out the cell. As it is a compact molecule it can be stored in small spaces and it carries a lot of energy between the C–H and C-C bonds.

27
Q

Why can’t glucose be stored in plants?

A

It is soluble in water so the concentration of the cells contents would increase drawing water in by osmosis.

28
Q

What is the structure of amylose?

A

It is made from alpha glucose molecules, it is a branched linear molecule with alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds between C1 on one glucose monomer and C4 on the other adjacent one this is repeated forming a chain which coils into a helix.

29
Q

What is the structure of amylopectin?

A

It has chains of alpha glucose monomers which are joined by alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds. It cross links with alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds and fits inside amylose. When a bond forms between C1 and the adjacent C6 a side branch is formed. Alpha glucose 1-4 glycosidic bonds continue from the start of the new branch.

30
Q

What is the main storage product in animals?

A

Glycogen

31
Q

What is the structure of glycogen?

A

It has alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 bonds, the glycogen molecules have shorter alpha 1-4 linked chains so are more branched than amylopectin.

32
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

In a plant cell wall.

33
Q

What is the structure of cellulose?

A

It consists of long parallel chains of beta glucose units and beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds which join the molecules together. This beta link rotates the adjacent molecule 180° which allows hydrogen bonds to form between the OH groups on the adjacent parallel chain contributing to the stability of cellulose. Between 60 and 70 molecules become tightly crossed linked forming bundle is called microfibrils these are held in bundles called fibrils, where several layers of fibres run parallel within a layer but at an angle of the adjacent layer.

34
Q

What is a characteristic of the cell wall

A

It provides strength and support. Water and solutes can also penetrate through to the cell membrane as the cellulose fibres are freely permeable.

35
Q

Where is chitin found?

A

It is found in the exoskeleton of insects and in fungal cell walls.

36
Q

What is the structure of chitin?

A

It has long chains of beta glucose with 1-4 linked monomers but has groups derived from amino acid is added to form a heteropolysaccharide. The adjacent monomers are rotated 180° and they have long parallel chains which are cross-linked to each other by hydrogen bonds forming microfibrils. Chitin contains a nitrogen containing group - acetyl amine group.

37
Q

What are some properties of chitin?

A

It is strong, lightweight and waterproof.

Biology Core Concepts (6 decks)

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