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Biology > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 categories of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids

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2
Q

What bonds carbon forms?

A

Covalent

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3
Q

What functional groups bind to carbon in different macromolecules?

A

OH (hydroxyl) in sugars
NH2 (amino) in amino acids
H2PO4 (phosphate) in nucleotides of DNA, RNA, ATP.

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4
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Difference in carbon skeleton structure.

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5
Q

What is stereoisomerism?

A

Difference in location of functional group.

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6
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

Enantiomers are special types of stereoisomerism.

They are mirror images of each other.

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7
Q

How are polymers made?

A

Via dehydration

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8
Q

How are monomers made?

A

Via hydrolysis

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9
Q

What elements macromolecules contain?

A

Carbohydrates CHO

Lipids CHO

Proteins CHON

Nucleic acids CHONP

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10
Q

What are L and D forms?

A

The assignments of D and L is used to distinguish between 2 molecules that relate each other with respect to reflection.

L form= left

D form= right

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11
Q

Write information about cellulose.

A

Found in plants

Subunit is beta- glucose

Bonds 1-4

Unbranched

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12
Q

Write down information about starch (amido).

A

2 types: amylose and amylopectin

Both are found in plants

Both are made of alpha-glucose

Amylose is unbranched and has bonds 1-4

Amylopectin is branched and has bonds 1-4 and 1-6

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13
Q

Write information about glycogen.

A

Found in animals

Is made of alpha-glucose

Has bonds 1-4 and 1-6

Is branched (ramificato/ diramarsi) but more branches than amylopectin

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14
Q

What is the structure of proteins?

A

Central carbon

Amine group

Carboxyl group

R group

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15
Q

How many amino acids exist?

A

20

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16
Q

Why do we have a diversity of amino acids?

A

Due to the difference in R group:

Polar/non polar

Charged: negatively (acidic)//// positively (basic)

17
Q

How do we name amino acids?

A

Designated abbreviation- valine

3 letters- Val

1 letter- V

18
Q

What type of bond forms between amino acids?

A

Peptide bond

19
Q

What type of ends do proteins have?

A

N-terminus (amino)

C-terminus (carboxyl)

20
Q

What are 4 levels of proteins?

A

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

21
Q

What is a primary structure?

A

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

22
Q

What is a secondary structure?

A

Forms beta-pleated sheet, alpha-helix or coil.

This happens because the chain of a.a. In a polypeptide chain has polar covalent bonds within its backbone.

So it folds in a way that hydrogen bonds form between the carboxyl and amine groups.

23
Q

What is a tertiary structure?

A

Entire length of amino acids folded into a shape.

Positively charged R groups will bind to a negatively charged R groups.

Polar R groups form hydrogen bonds with other polar R-groups.

Hydrophobic a.a. orientate towards the centre. Hydrophilic a.a. orientate outwards.

R-group of the a.a. Cysteine can form a covalent bond with the R-group of another Cysteine forming a disulphide bridge.

24
Q

What is a quaternary structure?

A

Several amino acids sequences linked together.

It also refers to the addition of non-polypeptide components.

25
Q

What are the 7 functions of the proteins?

A

1) enzyme catalysis
2) defends- antibody proteins
3) transport- Hgb, Mgb, transferrins (transport of iron)
4) support-keratin, fibrin, collagen
5) motion- actin/myosin, cytoskeletal fibres
6) regulation- some hormones, regulatory proteins on DNA, cell receptors
7) storage-Ca and Fe attached to storage proteins

26
Q

How are triglycerides formed?

A

By joining of 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids.

This structure exhibits a high number of C-H bonds and therefore much energy and non-polar

27
Q

What are the 2 types of fatty acids?

A

Saturated and unsaturated

28
Q

What are phospholipids made out of?

A

Phosphate group + 1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + head group like choline

29
Q

What are steroids?

A

4 carbon based ring

Examples: cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen, vitamin D and cortisone

30
Q

What are waxes?

A

Long carbon chains

Solid at room temperatures

Repel water

In plants, ears, bee cones

31
Q

Describe phospholipid bilayer

A

Hydrophilic polar heads

Hydrophobic non-polar tails

32
Q

What bonds are between phosphate and sugar of a different nucleotide in DNA?

A

Phosphodiester bond (is covalent)

33
Q

What is the bond between sugar and nitrogenous base?

A

Glycosidic bond (is covalent)

Biology (6 decks)

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