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BIOCH 200 > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

What is Biochemistry?

A

The scientific discipline that seeks to explain life at the molecular level. A means for determining how organisms “work” using the tools and terminology of chemistry. A practical science with wide-ranging applications in a range of life science subjects, in treatment of diseases, and in industry

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2
Q

What are the most common elements in Biochemistry

A

Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen

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3
Q

What are the essential ions in Biochemistry

A

Sodium, Magnesium, Chlorine, Potassium and Calcium

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4
Q

What are The Major Classes of Biomolecules

A
  1. Amino acids (amino and an acid)
  2. Carbohydrates (carbon mixed with water usually)
  3. Nucleotides (carbohydrate aspect, aromatic base aspect, and phosphates)
  4. Lipids (hydrophobic, specialized structures, non-polar)
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5
Q

What is the alcohol organic compound

A

Oxygen attached to hydrogen which is then attached to the rest of the organic compound. R-O-H

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6
Q

What is the aldehyde organic compound

A

Carbon has a double bond with oxygen, the carbon also has a bond with hydrogen, this carbon is attached to the rest of the organic compound.
O=
R-C-H

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7
Q

What is the ketone organic compound

A

Carbon has a double bond with oxygen, the carbon is attached to the rest of the organic compound on either side
O=
R-C-R

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8
Q

What is the carboxylic acid organic compound

A

Carbon has a double bond with oxygen, this carbon also is attached to a hydroxyl functional group and finally attached to the rest of the organic compound
O=
R-C-OH

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9
Q

What is the thiol (sulfhydryl) organic compound

A

Sulphur has a single bond with hydrogen and then attached to the rest of the organic compound
R-SH

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10
Q

What is the hydroxyl functional group

A

It is a single bond between oxygen and hydrogen

-OH

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11
Q

What is the carbonyl functional group

A

It is a double bond between carbon and oxygen.

C=O

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12
Q

What is the carboxylate functional group

A

It is a double bond between carbon and oxygen and then a single bonded oxygen as well attached to the carbon
=O
C-O

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13
Q

What is the sulfhydryl functional group

A

It is a single bond between sulphur and hydrogen

-SH

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14
Q

What is the amino functional group

A

It is a bond between nitrogen and two hydrogens

-NH2

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15
Q

What is the phosphate functional group

A

It is a phosphate that has single bonds with four oxygens
O-
O-P-O
-O

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16
Q

What is the phosphoryl functional group

A

It is a phosphate that one double bond with oxygen and two single bonds with oxygen
=O
P-O
-O

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17
Q

What is the ester linkage in biochemical compounds

A

It is oxygen that is single-bonded between two carbons, with one of the carbons have a double bond with an oxygen
=O
C-O-C

18
Q

What is the ether linkage in biochemical compounds

A

It is oxygen that is single-bonded between two carbons

C-O-C

19
Q

What is the amide linkage in biochemical compounds

A

It is nitrogen bonded to carbon which has a double bond with oxygen
=O
N-C

20
Q

What is the phosphate ester linkage in biochemical compounds

A

It is phosphate with three single bonds with oxygen, one double bond with oxygen, carbon is also attached to one of the oxygens
=O
C-O-P-O
-O

21
Q

What is the phosphoanhydride linkage in biochemical compounds

A

It is two phosphates, each phosphate has a double bond with oxygen, two oxygens in a single bond and one oxygen between the two of them
=O =O
C-O-P-O-P-O
-O -O

22
Q

What is “Directionality”?

A

All covalent bonds are in the same orientation

23
Q

What do a group of amino acids become

A

A protein

24
Q

How do amino acids form a protein

A

Peptide bonds (amide bonds: nitrogen attached to a carbonyl)

25
Q

What do a group of nucleotides become

A

Nucleic acids

26
Q

How do nucleotides become nucleic acids

A

Phosphodiester bond (carbon and phosphorous or a phosphate group)

27
Q

What is the shape that an H2O molecule takes

A

Tetrahedral

28
Q

What are donor atoms

A

Atoms that donate their electrons easier

29
Q

What are the accepter atoms

A

Atoms that are electronegative with a lone pair in a hybridized orbital

30
Q

What do the hydrogen bonds in ice look like

A

Regular lattice of hydrogen bonds

31
Q

What do the hydrogen bonds in water look like

A

Fluctuating hydrogen bond structure

32
Q

How do hydrogen bonds in water work

A

~3 hydrogen bonds per water molecule. Potential for 4 hydrogen bonds
2 hydrogen bonds works as an acceptor (the bonds from lone pairs of oxygen)
2 hydrogen bonds work as a donor (the hydrogens)

33
Q

What are the electrostatic forces

A

Ionic interactions, hydrogen bonds, Van de Waals and hydrophobic effects

34
Q

What is Van der Waals Interactions

A

Dipole-dipole interactions and London dispersion forces

35
Q

What are dipole-dipole interactions

A

Between polar non-charged groups. Weaker than Hydrogen bonds

36
Q

What are London dispersion forces

A

Between nonpolar molecules. Weaker than dipole-dipole interactions

37
Q

What is the bond strength in biological molecules in an aqueous environment from strongest to weakest

A
  1. Covalent bond
  2. Ionic interaction
  3. Hydrogen bond
  4. Van der Waals interaction
38
Q

Explain electronegativity in atoms

A

Different atoms have different electronegative affinities. Atoms bonded (covalently) with significantly different electronegativities create a permanent dipole

39
Q

What do amphiphilic/amphipathic molecules experience

A

Hydrophilic interactions and the hydrophobic effect

40
Q

What is the hydrophobic effect

A

Non-polar compounds tend to associate with each other in aqueous environments. This reduces the amount of surface area exposed to water, increasing the entropy of the water. Energy goes down as the molecules come together. The hydrophobic effect does not occur in a nonaqueous solution.

41
Q

What happens in a beaker that is less favourable and lower entropy

A

Each one of the molecules orders water molecules on its surface. This is more dispersed

42
Q

What happens in a beaker that is more favourable and higher entropy

A

It has order water molecules on exposed surface. It is more ordered.

BIOCH 200 (8 decks)

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