Biomolecules

Question 1

Biochem and what are biomolecules

Answer 1

branch of chemistry that deal with molecules involving living systems. Carbohydrates, proteins vitamins nucleic acids

Question 2

Carbohydrates formula Types of carb.

Answer 2

c6h1206 glucose and fructose . Monosacchardies, oligosacchardies, polysacchardises

Question 3

Monosacchardides

Answer 3

A carb that cant be hydrolised further to give simpler polohydroxy ald or ketone eg glucose

Question 4

Oligosaccharides

Answer 4

Carbs that produce 2 to 10 monosacchardies on being hydrolised . eg sucrose

Question 5

Polysaccharides

Answer 5

Crabs that prodduce a large number of monosac. on hydrolisis . eg startch, cellulose called non sugars

Question 6

reducing sugars and non reducing sugars

Answer 6

carbs which can reduce tollns reagent and fehlings reagent are called reducing sugars . vice versa

Question 7

Aldose

Answer 7

Monosaccharidees having aldehyde. eg glucose

Question 8

ketose

Answer 8

monosaccharides having ketone fructose

Question 9

Glucose preparation

Answer 9

from sucrose ( hydrolysis ) [c12h22o11]
from startch ( ") [C6H10O5]n

Question 10

Glucose structure and 5 evidence to show linear

Answer 10

Linear structure

a) 6 carbons in straight chain
b) presence of carbonyl grp (CO )
c) Presence of aldhyde
d) presence of 5 Oh grp
e) presence of 1degree alchoholic grp

Question 11

Haworth Projection

Answer 11

Six membered cylic structure of glucose

Question 12

Anomers

Answer 12

Isomers that differ in the config at acetal or hemiacetal carbon atoms of a sugar in cyclic form. eg. alpha-d-glucose and beta-d-glucose

Question 13

Cyclic glucose evidence 3

Answer 13

despite having aldehyde grp they do not give 2,4-dnp test.
pentaacetate of glucose does not react with Nh2-Oh indicating the absense of free -cho group
Glucose is found in two forms called alpha and beta. they both have different boiling and melting points

Question 14

Amino Acids made of

Answer 14

Amino Grp and carbocyl grp

Question 15

Amino acids on the basis of nature of synthesis

non essential/ essential

Answer 15

Non essential Amino acids- amino acids that can be synthethised in the body . eg glycerin
esesntial amino acids can not be synthesided in the body and must be obtained through diet

Question 16

Amino acids on the basis of functional grp

Answer 16

a] neutral aa- one nh2 and one cooh grp eg gylcerin
b] acidic aa- one nh2 and 2 cooh grp aspartic acid
c] basic aa- more no of nh2 than cooh

Question 17

Zwitter Ion

Answer 17

Due to the presence of acididc and badic groups in the same molecule, in aques solution cooh grp loses proton and nh2 grp accept proton giving rise to a dipolar ion called zqitter ion.
it can react with both acid and bases so its amphoteric in nature.

Question 18

Proteins
wht is peptide bond
Dipeptide, tri, poly

Answer 18

Polymers of alpha amino grp and they are connected to each other by peptide bond.
Peptide linkage is formed bw one cooh grp of one alpha-amino acid and -nh2 grp of another amino acid by loss of water molecules
combination of 2/3/many amino acids by peptide bond

Question 19

Fibrous and globular proteins

Answer 19

Fibrous Proteins- polypeptide chains run parralel and held together by hydrogen and di sulphide bonds
eg. keratin[hair,wood]
Globular proteins polypeptide coil around a spherical shape
eg. insulin

Question 20

primary structure of proteins

Answer 20

one of more polypeptide chains may be present. each polypeptide chain in a protein linked togetgher in a specific sequence of amino acids

Question 21

2 degree structure of protin explain alpha helix and b sheet

Answer 21

shape in which long polypeptide chain can exist. they exist in two different structure, alpha helix and beta sheet
a] alpha-helix-
most common ways in which polypeptide chain forms all possible hydrogen bonds by twisting into helix. this hydrogen bond is between -nh- grp of each amino acid to -co- grp of adjacent turn of helix
b] beta sheet
all peptide chains are strecthed out to maximum extent and then laid side by isde

Question 22

tertiary structure of proteins

Answer 22

formed by further folding of secondary structure. gives rise to fibre and globular structure

Question 23

Quaternary Structure of protein

Answer 23

the spatial arrangement of units of proteins with respect to each other

Question 24

Denaturation Of protein

Answer 24

When a native form of protein is subjected to physical or chemical change, hydrogen bonds are disturbed.
Due to this unfolding of helix protein and protei loses its biological activity.
During denaturation 2degree/3 are destroyed but 1 degree remain intact

Question 25

Native Protein

Answer 25

protein found in biological system with unique 3d arrangement

Question 26

chemical composition of Nucleic ACId

Answer 26

nucleic acid + hydrolysis= pentose sugar + phosphoric acid + base

Question 27

RNA composition

Answer 27

beta-D-deoxyribose + phosphoric acid + agct

Question 28

DNA composition

Answer 28

Beta-D-ribose +phosphoric acid + AGCU

Question 29

Double Strand Helix structure for DNA

Answer 29

the two strands are complimentry to each other bcoz the hydrogen bonds are formed bw specific pairs of bases.
Adenine forms hb with thymine
cytosine forms hb with guanine

Question 30

RNA molecules are of 3 types

Answer 30

messenger RNA
ribosomal rna
transfer rna

Question 31

function of dna

Answer 31

dna is the chemical basis of heredity and may be regarded as reserve of gentic info.

Question 32

function of nucleic acid

Answer 32

protein synthesis in the cell