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SFM > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Dietary Carbohydrates

A

Starch, Sucrose, Dietary Fiber, Lactose

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2
Q

Starch

A

Nutritional reservoir of carbs in plants

Polysaccharide of glucose

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3
Q

Sucrose

A

Found in fruits and vegetables
Disaccharide of glucose + fructose
Alpha 1 Beta 2

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4
Q

Dietary Fiber

A

Plant Fiber

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5
Q

Lactose

A

Major dietary carb of animal origin
Disaccharide of glucose + galactose
Beta 1-4

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6
Q

Lactose Intolerance

A

The body cannot digest lactose because of a genetic deficiency of lactase, with an age-dependent decrease in production of the enzyme
Results in gas, belly pain, and bloating within 2 hours of consumption

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7
Q

Blood Glucose Normal

A

Regulated by insulin and glucagon
Normal 70-100 mg/dL (Fasting)
<140 mg/dL (fed)

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8
Q

Blood Glucose Irregular

A

<60 mg/dL - hypoglycemia - hunger, sweating, trembling
> 126 mg/dL (fasting), >199 mg/dL (fed) - Diabetes mellitus
<40 mg/dL - convulsions, coma, brain damage, death

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9
Q

Glycolysis

A

Cells generate energy by breaking down glucose (6C) to 2 3C of pyruvate to generate energy with 2 molecules of ATP formed
Energy production continued in mito with oxygen
Aerobic conditions - suppress glycolysis (except cancer). Used to help screen for cancer via PET scans

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10
Q

Forms of Carbs

A

Mono, Di, Oligo, Poly

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11
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose

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12
Q

Disaccharides

A

Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose

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13
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Glycolipids, glycoproteins

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14
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose
Carbohydrate storage
Structural and mechanical cellular support

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15
Q

Modified Monosaccharides

A

Deoxyaldose, Acetylated amino sugars, acidic sugars, sugar esters, sugar alcohols

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16
Q

Deoxyaldose

A

A component of DNA

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17
Q

Acetylated amino sugars

A

Components of glycoproteins and glycolipids (cell signaling, cell adhesion, immuno response)

18
Q

Acidic sugars

A

Present in cell membrane and in the extracellular matrix

19
Q

Sugar Esters

A

Constitute gangliosides in oligodendrocyte of the nervous system

20
Q

Sugar Alcohols (mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol)

A

Food additives, significance in uncontrolled diabetes (cataracts and peripheral neuropathy)

21
Q

Sweetness

A

Fewer calories per gram
Not as readily absorbed
Do not contribute to tooth decay

22
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose + glucose

Alpha 1-4

23
Q

Amylose (Starch)

A

Food storage in plants, alpha glucose, alpha 1-4, no branching

24
Q

Amylopectin (Starch)

A

Food storage in plants, alpha glucose, alpha 1-4 and 1-6, ~12-20 branches of glucose

25
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural, Beta 1-4, Beta glucose, no branching

26
Q

Glycogen

A

Food storage in animals, alpha glucose, alpha -4 and 1-6, ~6-10 glucose branches

27
Q

Dietary Lipids

A

Fatty Acids (FA) saturated or unsaturated
Triacylglycerol (TCG) 3FA + glycerol backbone
Cholesterol Esters - FA esterfied to a cholesterol
Phospholipids found in membranes

28
Q

Membrane Lipids

A

Glycerophospholipid, Sphingophospholipid, Glycolipid

29
Q

Lipid soluble Vitamins

A

A D E K

30
Q

FA

A 
Long unbranched hydrocarbon chains
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Un/Poly/Saturated
Linolenic w3
Linoleic and arachadonic w6
3 and 6 tell where first double bond is
31
Q

Vitamin A

A

A precursor Bcarotene found in spinach, carrots, dark leafy green vegetables, and yellow veggies
A derivative retinol found in liver, dairy, cod, eggs
Synthetic drugs - tretinoin and isotretinoin
If deficiency - night blindness, xerophthalmia, skin dry and scaly, keratinization of GI, Resp, and GU tract epithelium

32
Q

Vitamin D

A

Liver, eggs, fish plants, milk, cereal
vitamin D3 can be produced buy the skin with exposure to sunlight
Calciferol, bioactive form of vitamin D, derived from D2 and D3
Deficiency - rickets (children), inadequate bone mineralization

33
Q

Vitamin E

A

Tocopherols vegetable oils, seeds, nuts, leafy veggies

Deficiency - muscular dystrophy, neurological abnormalities

34
Q

Vitamin K

A

Green leafy veggies
K2 synthesized in the LI and colon
Deficiency - defective blood coagulation, hemorrhagic anemia of the newborn

35
Q

Isoprenoids

A

Synthesized from acetyl COA via intermediate IPP

Condensation of IPP - steroids, vitamins, and CoenzymeQ

36
Q

Steroids

A

Characteristics ABCD ring system

Most important - cholesterol

37
Q

Cholesterol

A

Component of membranes
Important precursor - steroid hormones (progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone, estradiol)
Component of bile - bile acids
Vitamin D

38
Q

Gallstones

A

Gall bladder stores lipid emulsifying bile
If bile composition ifs not ideal such as too much CHL and too little bile salts - can cause formation of crystalline gallstones in gall bladder
Chenodeoxycholic acid can help dissolve
Continued disturbances in metabolism - malabsorption, B,C vitamin deficiencies

39
Q

AA properties

A 
Alphatic, Aromatic, Acidic, Basic, Non/Essesntial, sulfur-containing
NonPolar AA
Polar AA
Uncharged
Positively charged
Negatively charged
40
Q

Proteins

A

Fuel - AA generate ATP in TCA cycle
Structural - key components in connective tissue
Activity - enzymes, cell signaling, transport

41
Q

Protein Turnover

A

Average ~70 kg (155lb) person consumes ~100g protein per day
Hydrolysis to AA in stomach and duodenum
AA get metabolized to provide energy or create other biomolecules
400 g/day of protein is degraded in tissues and ~400 g/day of new proteins are synthesized in body
N atoms in cycle from proteins are excreted as urea in urine or sweat

42
Q

Disulfide bonds

A

Oxidation of SH group of CYS residues in RER creates covalent disulfide bonds - secreted proteins
Need oxidizing environment, which cytoplasm doesn’t have b/c antioxidant glutathione
Keratin protein in hair high CYS content that forms disulfide bonds and this plays part in straightening or curling hair

SFM (2 decks)

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