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Gen bio finals > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

_____are large or small molecules from pure or synthetic substances that are not living organisms per se but which contribute a
lot to the living or metabolic states of cells.

A

Biomolecules

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2
Q

A _______ is a long molecule consisting of
many similar building blocks

A

polymer

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3
Q

small building-block molecules

A

monomer

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4
Q

What are the three organic polymers?

A

carbohydrates, protein, nucleic acids

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5
Q

______ occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

A

dehydration reaction

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6
Q

______ are macromolecules that speed up
the dehydration process

A

enzymes

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7
Q

Polymers are disassembled to monomers by _________, a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction

A

hydrolysis

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8
Q

______ include sugars and the
polymers of sugars

A

carbohydrates

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9
Q

The simplest carbohydrates are
__________, or single sugars

A

monosaccharides

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10
Q

Carbohydrate macromolecules are
__________, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

A

polysaccharides

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11
Q

Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of ________

A

CH2O

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12
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide?

A

glucose

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13
Q

2 classifications of monosaccharides

A

location of the carbonyl group, number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

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14
Q

The location of the carbonyl group is classified as _____ or _______

A

aldose, ketose

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15
Q

True or False: Though often drawn as linear skeletons, in aqueous solutions many sugars form rings

A

True

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16
Q

What is the function of monosaccharides?

A

serve as a major fuel for cells and as raw material for building molecules

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17
Q

A ________is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

A

disaccharide

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18
Q

What is the covalent bond in carbohydrates?

A

glycosidic linkage

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19
Q

Give three monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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20
Q

Glucose + Glucose = ?

A

maltose

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21
Q

Glucose + Fructose = ?

A

sucrose

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22
Q

What is the function of Polysaccharides?

A

storage and structural roles

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23
Q

What determines the structure and function of a polysaccharide?

A

sugar monomers, positions of glycosidic linkages

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24
Q

_______, a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers

A

starch

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25
Q

Plants store surplus _____ as granules within chloroplasts and other plastids

A

starch

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26
Q

______ is a storage polysaccharide in
animals

A

glycogen

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27
Q

starch:plants
glycogen:____

A

animals

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28
Q

Humans and other vertebrates store glycogen mainly in _________

A

liver and muscle cells

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29
Q

The polysaccharide ______ is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells

A

cellulose

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30
Q

Difference between starch and cellulose

A

starch - glucose alpha
cellulose - glucose beta

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31
Q

Polymers with a (alpha) glucose are _____

A

helical

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32
Q

Polymers with b (beta) glucose are _______

A

straight

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33
Q

In __________, H atoms on one
strand can bond with OH groups on other strands

A

straight structures

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34
Q

___________ molecules held togetherthis way are grouped into microfibrils, which form strong building materials for plants

A

parallel cellulose

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35
Q

True or False: Enzymes that digest starch by hydrolyzing a linkages can also hydrolyze b linkages in cellulose

A

False - Enzymes that digest starch by hydrolyzing a linkages CAN’T hydrolyze b linkages in cellulose

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36
Q

_______ in human food passes through the digestive tract as insoluble fiber

A

cellulose

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37
Q

True or False: Some microbes use water to digest cellulose

A

False - Some microbes use ENZYMES to digest cellulose

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38
Q

______, another structural polysaccharide, is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods

A

chitin

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39
Q

_____ provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi

A

chitin

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40
Q

________ are the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers

A

lipids

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41
Q

They have little or no affinity for water (hydrophobic)

A

lipids

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42
Q

Lipids are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of ________, which form nonpolar covalent bonds

A

hydrocarbons

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43
Q

What are the most biologically important lipids?

A

fats, phospholipids, and steroids

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44
Q

Fats are composed of ____ and _____

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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45
Q

______ is a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

A

Glycerol

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46
Q

True or False: Fats separate from water because
water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and exclude the fats

A

True

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47
Q

In a fat, three fatty acids are joined to
glycerol by an ester linkage, creating a
__________

A

triacylglycerol, or triglyceride

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48
Q

Fatty acids vary in _____ and in the ______

A

length (number of carbons), number and locations of double
bonds

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49
Q

___________ have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

A

saturated fatty acids

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50
Q

_______ have one or more double bonds

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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51
Q

Which is healthy, saturated or unsaturated fats?

A

unsaturated

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52
Q

True or False: A diet rich in unsaturated fats may contribute to cardiovascular disease through plaque deposits

A

False - A diet rich in SATURATED fats may contribute to cardiovascular disease through plaque deposits

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53
Q

Unsaturated fats can be converted into saturated fats through what process?

A

hydrogenation

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54
Q

True or False: Hydrogenating vegetable oils also creates unsaturated fats with trans double bonds

A

True

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55
Q

True or False: Trans fats may contribute more than saturated fats to cardiovascular disease

A

True

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56
Q

In a phospholipid, _____ and a _____ are attached to glycerol

A

two fatty acids, phosphate group

57
Q

The two fatty acid tails are ________, but the phosphate group and its attachments form a ________ head

A

hydrophobic, hydrophilic

58
Q

True or False: When phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble into a bilayer, with the hydrophobic tails pointing toward the exterior

A

False - When phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble into a bilayer, with the hydrophobic tails pointing toward the INTERIOR

59
Q

The structure of phospholipids results in a bilayer arrangement found in _______

A

cell membranes

60
Q

______ are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

A

steroids

61
Q

________, an important steroid, is a
component in animal cell membranes

A

cholesterol

62
Q

True or False: Although cholesterol is essential in animals, high levels in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease

A

True

63
Q

Polypeptides are polymers built from the same set of _____

A

20 amino acids

64
Q

A _____ consists of one or more polypeptides

A

protein

65
Q

_____ are organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups

A

amino acids

66
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

amino acids

67
Q

Amino acids differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called

A

R groups

68
Q

Amino acids consists of:

A

amino group, carboxyl group, carbon, and R group

69
Q

What are the three types of amino acids?

A

polar, non polar, electrically charged

70
Q

Amino acids are linked by _________

A

peptide bonds

71
Q

What is the polymer of amino acids?

A

polypeptide

72
Q

True or False: Each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence of amino acids

A

True

73
Q

True or False: A functional protein consists of one or more polypeptides twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape

A

True

74
Q

The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s _______

A

three-dimensional structure

75
Q

A protein’s structure determines its _______

A

function

76
Q

The _______ of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids

A

primary structure

77
Q

________, found in most proteins, consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain

A

secondary structure

78
Q

______ is determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups)

A

tertiary structure

79
Q

_______ results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains

A

quaternary structure

80
Q

True or False: A slight change in primary structure can affect a protein’s structure and ability to function

A

True

81
Q

____________, an inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

A

sickle-cell disease

82
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers called
___________

A

polynucleotides

83
Q

What are the monomers of polynucleotides?

A

nucleotides

84
Q

Nucleotide consists of:

A

a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

85
Q

The portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate group is called a ________

A

nucleoside

86
Q

nitrogenous base + sugar = ?

A

nucleoside

87
Q

What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?

A

pyramidines and purines

88
Q

_______ (cytosine, thymine, and uracil)
have a single six-membered ring

A

pyrimidines

89
Q

______ (adenine and guanine) have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring

A

purines

90
Q

The sugar for DNA is ______, while the sugar for RNA is _______

A

deoxyribose, ribose

91
Q

nucleoside + phosphate group = ?

A

nucleotide

92
Q

Adjacent nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds that form between the ____ group on the 3’ carbon of one nucleotide and the phosphate
on the 5’ carbon on the next

A

-OH

93
Q

True or False: The sequence of bases along a DNA or mRNA polymer is the same for each gene

A

False - The sequence of bases along a DNA or mRNA polymer is unique for each gene

94
Q

A DNA molecule has two polynucleotides spiraling around an imaginary axis, forming a __________

A

double helix

95
Q

In the DNA double helix, the two backbones run in opposite 5’ → 3’ directions from each other, an arrangement referred to as _______

A

antiparallel

96
Q

True or False: One DNA molecule includes many genes

A

True

97
Q

In DNA…
Adenine:______
Guanine:______

A

thymine, cytosine

98
Q

True or False: The linear sequences of nucleotides in DNA molecules are passed from parents to offspring

A

True

99
Q

True or False: Two closely related species are more similar in DNA than are more distantly related species

A

True

100
Q

Molecular biology can be used to assess __________

A

evolutionary kinship

101
Q

A _____ is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction
without being consumed by the reaction

A

catalyst

102
Q

An ______ is a catalytic protein

A

enzyme

103
Q

True or False: Hydrolysis of sucrose by the enzyme sucrase is an
example of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

A

True

104
Q

The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction is
called the ________________

A

free energy of activation / activation energy (EA)

105
Q

What supplies activation energy?

A

heat

106
Q

How do enzymes catalyze reactions?

A

by lowering the activation energy barrier

107
Q

True or False: Enzymes affect free energy

A

False - Enzymes do not affect the change in free energy (∆G);
instead, they hasten reactions that would occur
eventually

108
Q

The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called the enzyme’s ______

A

substrate

109
Q

What is formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate?

A

enzyme-substrate complex

110
Q

The _______ is the region on the enzyme where the
substrate binds

A

active site

111
Q

________ of a substrate brings chemical groups of the
active site into positions that enhance their ability to
catalyze the reaction

A

induced fit

112
Q

How can the active site lower the Ea barrier?

A

orienting substrates correctly, straining substrate bonds, providing favorable microenvironment, covalently bonding to the substrate

113
Q

An enzyme’s activity can be affected by

A

temperature and pH, chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme

114
Q

Each enzyme has an optimal ________in which it can function

A

temperature and pH

115
Q

______ are nonprotein enzyme helpers

A

cofactors

116
Q

An organic cofactor is called a _________

A

coenzyme

117
Q

An example of coenzymes

A

vitamins

118
Q

_______ bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate

A

competitive inhibitors

119
Q

________ bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective

A

noncompetitive inhibitors

120
Q

examples of inhibitors include _____________

A

toxins, poisons,
pesticides, and antibiotics

121
Q

True or False: Chemical chaos would result if a cell’s metabolic pathways were not tightly regulated

A

True

122
Q

A cell does this by switching on or off the genes that encode specific enzymes or by regulating the activity of enzymes

A

regulation of enzyme activity

123
Q

______ may either inhibit or stimulate an enzyme’s activity

A

allosteric regulation

124
Q

__________ occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the protein’s function at another site

A

allosteric regulation

125
Q

Inhibition of proteolytic enzymes called caspases may help management of inappropriate __________

A

inflammatory
responses

126
Q

True or False: Allosteric regulators are attractive drug candidates for enzyme regulation

A

True

127
Q

ATP powers cellular work by coupling
__________________________________

A

exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions

128
Q

3 main kinds of work that a cell does

A

chemical, transport, mechanical

129
Q

To do work, cells manage energy resources by ___________, the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

A

energy coupling

130
Q

Most energy coupling in cells is mediated by

A

ATP

131
Q

Cell’s energy shuttle

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

132
Q

ATP is composed of:

A

ribose (a sugar), adenine (a
nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups

133
Q

The bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP’s tail can be broken by __________

A

hydrolysis

134
Q

_______ is released from ATP when the terminal
phosphate bond is broke

A

energy

135
Q

True or False: This release of energy comes from the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, not from the phosphate bonds themselves

A

True

136
Q

The coupled reactions are _________

A

exergonic

137
Q

ATP drives endergonic reactions by __________, transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule, such as a reactant

A

phosphorylation

138
Q
A

Gen bio finals (2 decks)

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