Biomolecules Flashcards
Name the acidic amino acids, their pKa values, + or - charged?
-Aspartic Acid (Asp, D)
-Glutamic Acid (Glu, E)
(carboxylic functional group has a pKa of 4)
-negatively charged
Name the basic amino acids, their pKa values, + or - charged?
-Histidine (6.5) (His, H)
-Lysine (10) (Lys, K)
-Arginine (12)`(Arg, R)
-positively charged
Name the hydrophobic nonpolar amino acids
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1.glycine (Gly, G)
2.alanine (Ala, A)
3.valine (Val, V)
4.leucine (Leu, L)
5.isoleucine (Ile, I)
6.methionine (Met, M)
7.phenylalanine (Phe, F)
8.tryptophan (Trp, W)
9.proline (Pro, P)
Name the hydrophilic polar amino acids
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1. Serine (Ser, S)
2. Cysteine (Cys, C)
3. Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
4. Threonine (Thr, T)
5. Asparagine (Asn, N)
6. Glutamine (Gln, Q)
Name the amino acids that are NOT synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet. What are these called?
Essential Amino Acids: I Love Four Karat Tin When He’s My Vendor
1. Isoleucine
2. Leucine
3. Phenylalanine
4. Lysine
5. Threonine
6. Tryptophan
7. Histidine
8. Methionine
9. Valine
what bond is used to join amino acids together
peptide bonds
what is the direction of amino acid synthesis (Hint: terminal-terminal)
N-C synthesis (N terminal is H2N; C terminal is a carbonyl group)
name the secondary structures of a protein and the interactions that hold them together
Secondary structures involve interactions between the BACKBONE ATOMS creating either alpha helix or beta pleated sheets and these are held together by H-bonds
what interactions are found in tertiary structure of proteins
Globular shape (hydrophobic inside, hydrophilic outside) with interactions between SIDE CHAINS
1.non covalent interactions:
-non polar-non polar
-polar-polar
-acid base interactions
2.covalent interactions:
-disulfide bridges
what interactions are found between quarternary structure of proteins
side chain interactions between different polypeptides
what are the monosaccharides of carbohydrates, the general molecular formula for sugars, and the specific molecular formula
General: C(n)H(2n)O(n)
C6H12O6:
-glucose
-fructose
-galactose
5C sugars:
-ribose
-deoxyribose
what are the disaccharides, what monomers are used to make them, and what is this process called?
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 -> C12H22O11 (dehydration synthesis, loss of a water molecule):
1. maltose = glucose + glucose
2. sucrose = glucose + fructose
3. lactose = glucose + galactose
Give 3 examples of polysaccharides and their characteristics… (Hint: digestible by humans, why/why not)
- glycogen=animal glucose storage, digestible
- starch = plant glucose storage, digestible
- cellulose = for plant STRUCTURE not storage, not digestible
Digestible polysaccharides contain 1,6 linkages and are therefore digestible. On the other hand, cellulose contains B-1,4 glycosidic linkages making it undigestible.
what are lipid monomers and their characteristics
hydrocarbons:
-addition of an acid side chain (COOH) makes it a fatty acid
-saturated: no double bonds, can stack so therefore solid at room temp
-unsaturated: double bonds present, cannot stack tightly so are liquids at room temp
Name the 8 forms of lipids that can exist in the body, how they’re made, and their functions
- triglyceride: energy storage
- glycerol + 3 fatty acids
- phospholipids: form membranes
- glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group
- terpenes: cholesterol, steroids, or ear wax precursor
- isoprene units
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/ \ / - can be modified by addition to create terpenoids
- isoprene units
- cholesterol and its derivatives: precursor for steroid hormones
- 3 6C rings + 1 5C ring
- derivatives: cell membrane, bile salts
- sphingolipids: for myelin in the CNS
- waxes: long fat chains as protective barriers
- fat soluble vitamins:
-vitamin A: vision
-vitamin D: bone structure
-vitamin E: antioxidant
-vitamin K: blood clotting - prostaglandins
