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Science 4th Quarter > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Is the chemistry of life (plants, animals and all living things made up of biomolecules).

A

BIOCHEMISTRY

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2
Q

Classifications of biomolecules.

A

CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, PROTEIN, NUCLEIC ACID.

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3
Q

Of the 4 classifications of biomolecules, which one is not a polymer?

A

LIPIDS

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4
Q

A large molecule formed by linking small units of monomers.

A

POLYMERS

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5
Q

The most abundant biomolecule in the biosphere.

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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6
Q

Formula of Carbohydrates, “hydrates of carbon”.

A

Cx(H2O)y

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7
Q

Carbohydrates also have structural functions. What is a bacteria cell wall from crabs and shrimps made up of?

A

CHITIN

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8
Q

Carbohydrates that is used for plant cell walls.

A

CELLULOSE

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9
Q

Carbohydrates can be classified into three, what are these?

A

MONOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES, POLYSACCHARIDES

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10
Q

Simplest form of carbohydrates.

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

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11
Q

Monosaccharides have 2 functional groups, what are these?

A

CARBONYL AND HYDROXYL GROUPS

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12
Q

Structural classification of carbohydrates with only hydroxyl and carbonyl groups.

A

(POLYHYDROXYALDEHYDES) ALDOSES, (POLYHYDROXYKETONES) KETOSES

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13
Q

The simplest monosaccharides consist of 3 carbon atoms and is called…

A

TRIOSES

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14
Q

Trioses composes of…

A

2 Hydroxyl groups and a Carbonyl group.

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15
Q

Trioses’ chemical formula is…

A

C3H6O3

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16
Q

In trioses, when C=O is placed on the ends, its structural classification is…

A

ALDOSES

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17
Q

In trioses, when the C=O is placed in the middle it’s structural classification is…

A

KETOSES

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18
Q

Monosaccharides have 3 types, what are these?

A

TRIOSES, PENTOSES, HEXOSES

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19
Q

This form is the dominant form of carbohydrates in nature.

A

RING STRUCTURE

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20
Q

A five-carbon atom monosaccharide in a cyclic form is known as…

A

FURANOSE RING

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21
Q

A six-carbon atom monosaccharide in a cyclic form is a…

A

PYRANOSE RING

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22
Q

Also called dextrose, a hexose, starting material for cellular respiration, and the primary source of energy for cellular metabolic activities.

A

GLUCOSE

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23
Q

A monosaccharide found in fruits, and is twice as sweet as glucose. Is also a pentose.

A

FRUCTOSE

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24
Q

2 monosaccharide units bond to each other to form a…

A

DISACCHARIDE

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25
Q

3 most common disaccharides are…

A

SUCROSE, LACTOSE, MALTOSE

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26
Q

A disaccharide Sucrose is made up of one molecule of each…

A

GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE

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27
Q

Also known as our table sugar.

A

SUCROSE

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28
Q

Often called “milk sugar”.

A

LACTOSE

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29
Q

A disaccharide Lactose, which is a hexose is made up of…

A

GLUCOSE AND GALACTOSE

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30
Q

Lactose eventually ends up in the large intestines where bacteria produce carbon dioxide resulting in…

A

EXCESS INTESTINAL GAS

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31
Q

For people who are lactose intolerant, why does this happen?

A

People with lactose intolerance have hypersensitive bacteria in their large intestines which produces excess carbon dioxide.

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32
Q

A disaccharide made up of two glucose units. It is present in malt.

A

MALTOSE

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33
Q

Classification of Carbohydrates which is made up of several monosaccharides.

A

POLYSACCHARIDES

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34
Q

Polysaccharides are joined by covalent bonds called?

A

GLYCOSIDIC BONDS

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35
Q

Common polysaccharides include…

A

STARCH, GLYCOGEN, AND CELLULOSE

36
Q

An example of polysaccharides which is a major storage form of carbohydrates in plant seeds and tubers.

A

STARCH

37
Q

Heating starch converts into…a substance with good adhesive properties and is used as wallpaper glue.

A

DEXTRIN

38
Q

Plants store energy in the form of starch while animals and humans store energy in the form of…

A

GLYCOGEN

39
Q

When there is excess glucose in the body, it is converted into______ (for storage energy).

A

FAT

40
Q

When there is excess glucose in the body, it can be converted into ______ (found in muscles and liver).

A

GLYCOGEN

41
Q

A polysaccharide, is the material that makes up plant cell walls.

A

CELLULOSE

42
Q

Can cellulose be digested by humans?

A

NO

43
Q

Herbivores are able to digest cellulose because the bacteria in their digestive tract has enzymes called ______ that can break down cellulose.

A

CELLULASES

44
Q

Classification of biomolecules in which substances are insoluble with water but soluble in nonpolar solvents (e.g. ether, chloroform, or benzene) from plant or animal tissues.

A

LIPIDS

45
Q

Different structural types of lipids include:

A

CARBOXYLIC ACID/FATTY ACIDS, TRIGLYCEROL/NEUTRAL FATS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, WAXES, STEROIDS, AND PROSTAGLANDINS

46
Q

Lipids can be classified on their reaction base. This type of classification are those that can be hydrolyzed by a base like fats, oils, and waxes.

A

SAPONIFIABLE LIPIDS

47
Q

Lipids can be classified based on their reaction base. This classification is those that cannot be broken down by base hydrolysis like steroids, cholesterols, and prostaglandins.

A

NONSAPONIFIABLE LIPIDS

48
Q

The most abundant of the lipid compounds are the _______ and also called triglycerides/triglycerols.

A

FATS AND OILS

49
Q

At room temperature, fats are usually solid while oils exist as _________ .

A

LIQUIDS

50
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. The presence of double bonds in the fatty acids of oil significantly lowers its melting point

A

TRUE

51
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Saturated fats have no double bonds which cause its high melting point.

A

TRUE

52
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Unsaturated fats have double bonds which cause its low melting point.

A

TRUE

53
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Although fats and oils appear physically different, their molecular structures are similar. They are made up of esters of glycerol with three fatty acid molecules. The three fatty acids which may be the same or different are combined with glycerol to form esterglycerol.

A

TRUE

54
Q

We have 2 kinds of fats, this are?

A

SUBCUTANEOUS FAT AND VISCERAL FAT

55
Q

The type of fat under the skin that acts as thermal insulator, conserving body temperature.

A

SUBCUTANEOUS FAT

56
Q

The type of fat that is responsible for holding our internal organs together.

A

VISCERAL FAT

57
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. The human body needs essential fatty acids but cannot produce it on their own, so this must be supplied in diet.

A

TRUE

58
Q

Classification of lipids which differ from fats in that they are harder and less greasy. They are esters of long-chain fatty acids and monohydric (with one hydroxyl group, OH) alcohols.

A

WAXES

59
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Waxes are relatively inert and are insoluble in water. Their repellency, impermeability, and low toxicity and odor make them excellent coating materials.

A

TRUE

60
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. In plants, waxes serve as a protective covering (cuticle) against attack of microorganism and retard water loss for all exposed parts.

A

TRUE

61
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. In animals, waxes coat skin, hair, and feather, and help keep them pliable and waterproof.

A

TRUE

62
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. In humans, wax produced by glands in the outer ear canal functions to trap dust and dirt particles.

A

TRUE

63
Q

A classification of lipids that is form part of the structure of the cell membranes, and significant win the transport of lipids in the body.

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

64
Q

An example of phosphate that plays an important role in fat metabolism in the liver and is a great emulsifying agent.

A

LECITHIN

65
Q

If one fatty acid is removed from lecithin, what will form? It is also a compound that causes the destruction of red blood cells and spasmodic muscle contraction. the venom of some poisonous snake has an enzyme that hasten the formation of lysolecithin and can cause fatal reactions.

A

LYSOLESITHIN

66
Q

Classification of lipid that are characterized by three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring.

A

STEROIDS

67
Q

A sterol formed in brain tissue, nerve tissue, and the blood, and is the major compound found in gallstones.

A

CHOLESTEROL

68
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Testosterone is also a steroid. It promotes the normal development of male genital organs and secondary sexual characteristics.

A

TRUE

69
Q

A classification of lipids, these are unsaturated carboxylic acids biochemically synthesized from the fatty acid, arachidonic acid. They consist of 20 carbon and five-member ring.

A

PROTAGLANDINS

70
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Prostaglandins are produces when tissues are damaged and are used to minimize tissue destruction.

A

TRUE

71
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Proteins are vital components of all living systems. Even the smallest organism (microbes) have proteins in their cells.

A

TRUE

72
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Proteins are present in different body parts like the muscles, skin, nails, and others. They catalyze reactions, transport oxygen, serve as hormones in the regulation of specific body processes, and act as antibodies and blood clotting agents. Among the most important proteins in the body are enzymes, hormones and other components of chromosomes and cell membranes.

A

TRUE

73
Q

Classification of protein that direct and accelerate biochemical reactions such as digestion, energy capture and biosynthesis. EX. Lactase, Nitrogenase.

A

ENZYMES

74
Q

Classification of protein that regulated bodily processes. EX. Insulin, Oxytocin.

A

HORMONE

75
Q

Classification of proteins that serve as a reservoir of essential nutrients. EX. Casein, Zein

A

STORAGE PROTEINS

76
Q

A classification of protein that provide protection and support. EX. Collagen, Keratin.

A

STRUCTURAL PROTEINS

77
Q

A classification of protein that help in the movement of the muscles. EX. Actin, Myosin.

A

CONTRACTILE PROTEINS

78
Q

A classification of protein that carry molecules or ions across membranes or between cells. EX. Hemoglobin, Cytochrome.

A

TRANSPORT PROTEINS

79
Q

A classification of proteins that act as antibodies and blood-clotting agents. EX. Immunoglobin, Thrombin.

A

PROTECTIVE PROTEINS

80
Q

The building blocks of protein.

A

AMINO ACIDS

81
Q

An amino acid contains two functional groups which are?

A

AMINO GROUP ANF CARBOXYL GROUP

82
Q

All twenty amino acid found in proteins have the amino group and carboxyl group attached to the same carbon, a a-carbon or?

A

ALPHA CARBON

83
Q

The structure of the R-group, or the side chain, or an amino acid influences the property of the biomolecule. When the R-group is an alkyl group, the side chain is?

A

NON-POLAR AND WATER INSOLUBLE (HYDROPHOBIC)

84
Q

The structure of the R-group, or the side chain of an amino acid influences the property of the biomolecule. When the R-group is a benzene, it expected to be?

A

AROMATIC

85
Q

The structure of the R-group, or the side chain of an amino acid influences the property of the biomolecule. When R represents an amino/carboxylic group, the amino acid and the carboxylic acid is ?

A

BASIC AND ACIDIC respectively

Science 4th Quarter (1 decks)

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