Biomolecules Flashcards
1
Q
Is the chemistry of life (plants, animals and all living things made up of biomolecules).
A
BIOCHEMISTRY
2
Q
Classifications of biomolecules.
A
CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, PROTEIN, NUCLEIC ACID.
3
Q
Of the 4 classifications of biomolecules, which one is not a polymer?
A
LIPIDS
4
Q
A large molecule formed by linking small units of monomers.
A
POLYMERS
5
Q
The most abundant biomolecule in the biosphere.
A
CARBOHYDRATES
6
Q
Formula of Carbohydrates, “hydrates of carbon”.
A
Cx(H2O)y
7
Q
Carbohydrates also have structural functions. What is a bacteria cell wall from crabs and shrimps made up of?
A
CHITIN
8
Q
Carbohydrates that is used for plant cell walls.
A
CELLULOSE
9
Q
Carbohydrates can be classified into three, what are these?
A
MONOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES, POLYSACCHARIDES
10
Q
Simplest form of carbohydrates.
A
MONOSACCHARIDES
11
Q
Monosaccharides have 2 functional groups, what are these?
A
CARBONYL AND HYDROXYL GROUPS
12
Q
Structural classification of carbohydrates with only hydroxyl and carbonyl groups.
A
(POLYHYDROXYALDEHYDES) ALDOSES, (POLYHYDROXYKETONES) KETOSES
13
Q
The simplest monosaccharides consist of 3 carbon atoms and is called…
A
TRIOSES
14
Q
Trioses composes of…
A
2 Hydroxyl groups and a Carbonyl group.
15
Q
Trioses’ chemical formula is…
A
C3H6O3
16
Q
In trioses, when C=O is placed on the ends, its structural classification is…
A
ALDOSES
17
Q
In trioses, when the C=O is placed in the middle it’s structural classification is…
A
KETOSES
18
Q
Monosaccharides have 3 types, what are these?
A
TRIOSES, PENTOSES, HEXOSES
19
Q
This form is the dominant form of carbohydrates in nature.
A
RING STRUCTURE
20
Q
A five-carbon atom monosaccharide in a cyclic form is known as…
A
FURANOSE RING
21
Q
A six-carbon atom monosaccharide in a cyclic form is a…
A
PYRANOSE RING
22
Q
Also called dextrose, a hexose, starting material for cellular respiration, and the primary source of energy for cellular metabolic activities.
A
GLUCOSE
23
Q
A monosaccharide found in fruits, and is twice as sweet as glucose. Is also a pentose.
A
FRUCTOSE
24
Q
2 monosaccharide units bond to each other to form a…
A
DISACCHARIDE
25
3 most common disaccharides are...
SUCROSE, LACTOSE, MALTOSE
26
A disaccharide Sucrose is made up of one molecule of each...
GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE
27
Also known as our table sugar.
SUCROSE
28
Often called "milk sugar".
LACTOSE
29
A disaccharide Lactose, which is a hexose is made up of...
GLUCOSE AND GALACTOSE
30
Lactose eventually ends up in the large intestines where bacteria produce carbon dioxide resulting in...
EXCESS INTESTINAL GAS
31
For people who are lactose intolerant, why does this happen?
People with lactose intolerance have hypersensitive bacteria in their large intestines which produces excess carbon dioxide.
32
A disaccharide made up of two glucose units. It is present in malt.
MALTOSE
33
Classification of Carbohydrates which is made up of several monosaccharides.
POLYSACCHARIDES
34
Polysaccharides are joined by covalent bonds called?
GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
35
Common polysaccharides include...
STARCH, GLYCOGEN, AND CELLULOSE
36
An example of polysaccharides which is a major storage form of carbohydrates in plant seeds and tubers.
STARCH
37
Heating starch converts into...a substance with good adhesive properties and is used as wallpaper glue.
DEXTRIN
38
Plants store energy in the form of starch while animals and humans store energy in the form of...
GLYCOGEN
39
When there is excess glucose in the body, it is converted into______ (for storage energy).
FAT
40
When there is excess glucose in the body, it can be converted into ______ (found in muscles and liver).
GLYCOGEN
41
A polysaccharide, is the material that makes up plant cell walls.
CELLULOSE
42
Can cellulose be digested by humans?
NO
43
Herbivores are able to digest cellulose because the bacteria in their digestive tract has enzymes called ______ that can break down cellulose.
CELLULASES
44
Classification of biomolecules in which substances are insoluble with water but soluble in nonpolar solvents (e.g. ether, chloroform, or benzene) from plant or animal tissues.
LIPIDS
45
Different structural types of lipids include:
CARBOXYLIC ACID/FATTY ACIDS, TRIGLYCEROL/NEUTRAL FATS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, WAXES, STEROIDS, AND PROSTAGLANDINS
46
Lipids can be classified on their reaction base. This type of classification are those that can be hydrolyzed by a base like fats, oils, and waxes.
SAPONIFIABLE LIPIDS
47
Lipids can be classified based on their reaction base. This classification is those that cannot be broken down by base hydrolysis like steroids, cholesterols, and prostaglandins.
NONSAPONIFIABLE LIPIDS
48
The most abundant of the lipid compounds are the _______ and also called triglycerides/triglycerols.
FATS AND OILS
49
At room temperature, fats are usually solid while oils exist as _________ .
LIQUIDS
50
TRUE OR FALSE. The presence of double bonds in the fatty acids of oil significantly lowers its melting point
TRUE
51
TRUE OR FALSE. Saturated fats have no double bonds which cause its high melting point.
TRUE
52
TRUE OR FALSE. Unsaturated fats have double bonds which cause its low melting point.
TRUE
53
TRUE OR FALSE. Although fats and oils appear physically different, their molecular structures are similar. They are made up of esters of glycerol with three fatty acid molecules. The three fatty acids which may be the same or different are combined with glycerol to form esterglycerol.
TRUE
54
We have 2 kinds of fats, this are?
SUBCUTANEOUS FAT AND VISCERAL FAT
55
The type of fat under the skin that acts as thermal insulator, conserving body temperature.
SUBCUTANEOUS FAT
56
The type of fat that is responsible for holding our internal organs together.
VISCERAL FAT
57
TRUE OR FALSE. The human body needs essential fatty acids but cannot produce it on their own, so this must be supplied in diet.
TRUE
58
Classification of lipids which differ from fats in that they are harder and less greasy. They are esters of long-chain fatty acids and monohydric (with one hydroxyl group, OH) alcohols.
WAXES
59
TRUE OR FALSE. Waxes are relatively inert and are insoluble in water. Their repellency, impermeability, and low toxicity and odor make them excellent coating materials.
TRUE
60
TRUE OR FALSE. In plants, waxes serve as a protective covering (cuticle) against attack of microorganism and retard water loss for all exposed parts.
TRUE
61
TRUE OR FALSE. In animals, waxes coat skin, hair, and feather, and help keep them pliable and waterproof.
TRUE
62
TRUE OR FALSE. In humans, wax produced by glands in the outer ear canal functions to trap dust and dirt particles.
TRUE
63
A classification of lipids that is form part of the structure of the cell membranes, and significant win the transport of lipids in the body.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
64
An example of phosphate that plays an important role in fat metabolism in the liver and is a great emulsifying agent.
LECITHIN
65
If one fatty acid is removed from lecithin, what will form? It is also a compound that causes the destruction of red blood cells and spasmodic muscle contraction. the venom of some poisonous snake has an enzyme that hasten the formation of lysolecithin and can cause fatal reactions.
LYSOLESITHIN
66
Classification of lipid that are characterized by three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring.
STEROIDS
67
A sterol formed in brain tissue, nerve tissue, and the blood, and is the major compound found in gallstones.
CHOLESTEROL
68
TRUE OR FALSE. Testosterone is also a steroid. It promotes the normal development of male genital organs and secondary sexual characteristics.
TRUE
69
A classification of lipids, these are unsaturated carboxylic acids biochemically synthesized from the fatty acid, arachidonic acid. They consist of 20 carbon and five-member ring.
PROTAGLANDINS
70
TRUE OR FALSE. Prostaglandins are produces when tissues are damaged and are used to minimize tissue destruction.
TRUE
71
TRUE OR FALSE. Proteins are vital components of all living systems. Even the smallest organism (microbes) have proteins in their cells.
TRUE
72
TRUE OR FALSE. Proteins are present in different body parts like the muscles, skin, nails, and others. They catalyze reactions, transport oxygen, serve as hormones in the regulation of specific body processes, and act as antibodies and blood clotting agents. Among the most important proteins in the body are enzymes, hormones and other components of chromosomes and cell membranes.
TRUE
73
Classification of protein that direct and accelerate biochemical reactions such as digestion, energy capture and biosynthesis. EX. Lactase, Nitrogenase.
ENZYMES
74
Classification of protein that regulated bodily processes. EX. Insulin, Oxytocin.
HORMONE
75
Classification of proteins that serve as a reservoir of essential nutrients. EX. Casein, Zein
STORAGE PROTEINS
76
A classification of protein that provide protection and support. EX. Collagen, Keratin.
STRUCTURAL PROTEINS
77
A classification of protein that help in the movement of the muscles. EX. Actin, Myosin.
CONTRACTILE PROTEINS
78
A classification of protein that carry molecules or ions across membranes or between cells. EX. Hemoglobin, Cytochrome.
TRANSPORT PROTEINS
79
A classification of proteins that act as antibodies and blood-clotting agents. EX. Immunoglobin, Thrombin.
PROTECTIVE PROTEINS
80
The building blocks of protein.
AMINO ACIDS
81
An amino acid contains two functional groups which are?
AMINO GROUP ANF CARBOXYL GROUP
82
All twenty amino acid found in proteins have the amino group and carboxyl group attached to the same carbon, a a-carbon or?
ALPHA CARBON
83
The structure of the R-group, or the side chain, or an amino acid influences the property of the biomolecule. When the R-group is an alkyl group, the side chain is?
NON-POLAR AND WATER INSOLUBLE (HYDROPHOBIC)
84
The structure of the R-group, or the side chain of an amino acid influences the property of the biomolecule. When the R-group is a benzene, it expected to be?
AROMATIC
85
The structure of the R-group, or the side chain of an amino acid influences the property of the biomolecule. When R represents an amino/carboxylic group, the amino acid and the carboxylic acid is ?
BASIC AND ACIDIC respectively
