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Biology Biomolecules > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are Macromolecules?

A

Large biological molecules, they include proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids.

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2
Q

What elements are macros made of?

A

C, H, O, and sometimes N

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3
Q

Structurally speaking, how are macros made up?

A

Made up of monomers that join in specific sequences (polymers).

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4
Q

What are micromolecules?

A

Small biologically important molecules, they include vitamins and minerals.

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5
Q

What are the physical properties of saccharides?

A

Low molecular weight, sweet to taste, soluble in water.

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6
Q

Physical properties of polysaccharides

A

High molecular weight, tasteless, and insoluble in water.

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7
Q

Composition of monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars (one molecule)

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8
Q

Composition of disacarides

A

Double sugars (2)

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9
Q

Polysaccharide composition

A

Multiple sugars

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10
Q

What bond holds monosaccharides together?

A

Glyosidic bond

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11
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose, glyceraldehyde, and ribose sugar

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12
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Maltose, sucrose, and lactose

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13
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen, chitin, cellulose, and liginin

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14
Q

What ratio of CHO are carbs found in

A

1:2:1

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15
Q

Why are carbs important to living things?

A

Carbs are the primary source of NRG for living things and are obtained from food.

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16
Q

What are aldoses?

A

A sugar that contains a carbonyl group on the terminal carbon.

17
Q

What are the four aldoses?

A

Glyceraldehyde, ribose, glucose, and galactose.

18
Q

How can you differentiate between the 4 aldoses?

A

Glyceraldehyde has 3 C’s
Ribose has 5 Cs
Glucose has 6 Cs and has an OH on the right
Galactose has 6 Cs and has an OH on the left

19
Q

What is a ketose

A

A sugar containing a carbonyl w/in the parent chain

20
Q

What are the three ketones?

How can you differentiate between them?

A

dihydroxyacetone, ribulose, fructose.
Dihydroxyacetone has three Cs
ribulose has 5 Cs
fructose has 6 cs

21
Q

What can monosaccharides be distinguished by?

A

The spatial arrangement of their electron, carbonyl group they possess, length of the C-backbone.

22
Q

What are the two forms that carbs can be found in?

A

Open and ringed

23
Q

Which two substances exist as straight chained compounds but can from rings and why? when dissolved in water

A

Pentoses and hexoses as they exist as in ring form they are more stable.

24
Q

Describe how aldoses and ketoses form ring structures.

A

Aldoses: Functional groups on C1 and C5 react forming a covalent bond called a 1, 5 linkage. *carbonyl and alcohol”
Ketoses: Functional groups on C2 and C5 react forming a covalent bond called a 2, 5 linkage.

25
Q

what is an alpha and beta glucose?

A

If the OH is below the plane of the ring then an alpha bond forms.
If the OH is above the plane of the ring then a beta bond forms.

26
Q

What disaccharide does each of the following form
glucose + galactose
glucose + glucose
glucose + fructose

A

lactose
maltose
sucrose

27
Q

What are the functions and forms of polysaccharides?

A

Straight chained or branched

Function is for energy storage (startch and glycogen) and structural support (chitin and cellulose).

28
Q

What is starch?
What is starch made of?
what are the two components of startch?

A

Starch stores glucose in plants
alpha glucose
mixture of Amylose and amylopectin.

29
Q

Tell me about amylose and amylopectin

A

Amylose: straight chain with alpha 1,4 bonds (1,4 glycosidic linkages), can be 1000s of molecules long.
Amylopectin: Similar to amylose, w 1,4 linkages in main chain but has occasional 1,6 linkages to create branches

30
Q

What breaks down glycogen and what does it break into?

A

Glucagon breaks it down and it breaks into glucose molecules.

31
Q

What are beta acetal bonds and where can they be found?

A

Found in cellulose and cannot be broken down by human enzymes.

Biology Biomolecules (1 decks)

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