Biomolecules 1

Question 1

General Formula: C_n(H₂O)_n

monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligo-saccharides, polysaccharides

Answer 1

Carbohydrates

Question 2

Functions of Carbohydrates

Answer 2

• fuel for energy for growth, movement, nerve impulse
• storage of energy
• genes, genetics, and cell division
• structure and secretion

Question 3

contains either and aldehyde group or a ketone group

Answer 3

monosaccharide

Question 4

• two monosaccharides bonded together
• either alpha or beta bond depending on configuration
• lactose is a common example

Answer 4

disaccharides

Question 5

-CHO

Answer 5

aldehyde group

Question 6

C = O

Answer 6

ketone group

Question 7

-long chains of monosaccharides joined together

Answer 7

polysaccharides

Question 8

• monosaccharide
• an aldehyde forming 6 member ring
• fuel for energy
• concentration in blood is tightly regulated
• 2.5 -5mM per liter = serum concentration

Answer 8

Glucose

Question 9

• monosaccharide
• aldehyde 6 member ring
• forms lactose with glucose
• in glycoprotein

Answer 9

Galactose

Question 10

• monosaccharide
• ketone 5 membered ring
• part of energy metabolism

Answer 10

Fructose

Question 11

• disaccharide
• formed in mammary gland
• secreted in milk
• glucose bonded to galactose

Answer 11

Lactose

Question 12

• dissacharide
• sweet taste
• glucose bonded to fructose

Answer 12

Sucrose

Question 13

• polysaccharide
• storage of energy in plants

Answer 13

Starch

Question 14

• polysaccharide
• storage of energy in animals
• glucose residues linked by alpha 1-4 bonds with alpha 1-6 branchpoints

Answer 14

Glycogen

Question 15

• plant polysaccharide
• not digested by animals
• broken by rumen microflora
• straight chain of polymer of glucose units linked by beta 1-4 bonds

Answer 15

Cellulose

Question 16

• 5 member ring
• links to base and a phosphate
• present in DNA and RNA

Answer 16

Ribose

Question 17

• not soluble in water
• soluble in organic solvents

Answer 17

Lipids

Question 18

Saponifiable

Answer 18

• can be spilt by hydroysis
• triglycerides, waxes, phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, lipoproteins

Question 19

non-saponifiable

Answer 19

carotenoids, cholesterol, fat soluble vitamins (D, K, E, A)

Question 20

Functions of Lipids

Answer 20

• fuel for energy metabolism
• energy storage in adipose tissue
• membrane structure (phospholipid, cholesterol)
• hormone action(steroids, prostaglandins)
• electron transfer (ubiquinone)
• transport (lipoprotein)
• antioxidant (vitamin E)

Question 21

-long hydrocarbon chain with terminal carboxylic acid group

Answer 21

fatty acid

Question 22

• component of cell membrane, precursor of steroid horomones, and bile salts
• hydrophobic

Answer 22

Cholesterol

Question 23

• transport triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids around the body
• 4 different types
• globular, micelle-like particles consisting of hydrophobic core of triglycerides and cholesterol esters surrounded by amphipathic coat of protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol

Answer 23

Lipoprotein

Question 24

-synthesized in the intestine and transport dietary triglycerides to skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, and dietary cholesteral to liver

Answer 24

Chylomicrons

Question 25

-synthesized in the liver and transport trigylcerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids to other tissues

Answer 25

Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

Question 26

• remnant of VLDL after release of lipid

Answer 26

Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

Question 27

• synthesized in the blood and extract cholesterol from cell membranes, converting it into cholesterol esters
• collects lipid, especialy cholesterol for return to liver

Answer 27

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)