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Biomechanics > Biomechanics Week 1-5 > Flashcards

Biomechanics Week 1-5 Flashcards

Midterm

1
Q

How does biomechanics fit into the naturopathic therapeutic order?

A

Correcting structural integrity (somewhere in the middle)

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2
Q

What’s the difference between first and second order intervention (correcting structural integrity)?

A

First order addresses musculoskeletal trauma or conditions, while second order addresses stresses upon visceral systems.

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3
Q

Give the divisions of the autonomic nervous system, including spinal root levels.

A

Sympathetic (fight or flight) T1-L2

Parasympathetic (rest & digest) CN III, VII, IX, X and S2-4

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4
Q

Define kinesiology

A

study of human movement

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5
Q

Define biomechanics

A

application of principles of physics to human movement

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6
Q

Define kinematics, osteokinematics, and arthrokinematics

A

K: branch of biomechanics describing motion of the body without regard to the force that causes the motion
O: gross motion of joints in cardinal planes (what is the bone doing relative to the rest of the body)
A: fine bone-on-bone movements within joints (what’s happening at the articular surface)

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7
Q

Define translation, including rectilinear and curvilinear translation.

A

Linear motion in which all parts of a body move in the same direction.
R: straight line glide
C: curved line glide

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8
Q

Define rotation

A

motion in which body parts move in a circular path around a pivot point

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9
Q

What is the axis of motion, and how does it relate to the plane of motion?

A

Motion revolves around an axis, and imaginary line perpendicular to the plane of motion and passing through the center of rotation.
X: frontal
Y: longitudinal
Z: sagittal

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10
Q

In which plane and axis are flexion and extension?

A

Sagittal plane

Frontal axis

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11
Q

In which plane and axis are abduction and adduction?

A

Frontal plane

Sagittal axis

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12
Q

In which plane and axis is rotation?

A

Transverse plane

Longitudinal axis

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13
Q

Define linear motion and give examples

A

Gliding: one flat surface moving over another flat surface

metacarpals, metatarsals, and vertebral facets

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14
Q

Define angular motion and give examples

A

Causes either an increase or decrease in the angle between two bones. Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

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15
Q

What is the difference between open and closed kinematic chains

A

Open chain: distal segment of the chain is not fixed

Closed chain: distal segment is fixed

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16
Q

How are joints classified according to structure?

A

Fibrous: generally immovable
Cartilaginous: varies
Synovial: generally freely movable

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17
Q

Define fibrous joints and give examples

A

Bones joined by dense fibrous tissue with no joint cavity

Suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis

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18
Q

Define cartilaginous joints and give examples

A

Bones connected by some form of cartilage with no joint cavity
Synchondrosis, symphisis

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19
Q

Define synovial joints and give examples (common names only)

A

Bones separated by a fluid-filled cavity connected by ligaments, permitting freedom of movement.
Gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket

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20
Q

What are the types of skeletal muscle in terms of fiber arrangment

A

Parallel, fusiform (spindle), pennate (feather-like), convergent (broad origin pointed insertion), circular

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21
Q

Define strength, power, and torque

A

Strength: the amount of tension a muscle produces
Power: work done over a period of time
Torque: a twisting muscle force

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22
Q

What is a contraction?

A

The tension developed in a muscle due to a stimulus
Can initiate, control, or prevent joint movement.
All are either isometric or isotonic.

23
Q

Define isometric, isotonic, concentric, and eccentric.

A

Isometric: ‘same length’ tension without joint motion
Isotonic: ‘same tension’ tension maintained under constant load.
Isotonic contractions may be concentric (shortening) or eccentric (lengthening under tension)

24
Q

Define line of pull and angle of pull

A

Line of pull: direction of movement produced by muscle contraction, the pull from origin to insertion
Angle of pull: The angle between the line of pull of the muscle and the bone on which it inserts. Determines what forces (movements) are possible for the muscle.

25
Q

Define reverse-action of concentric muscle contractions

A

Muscle contraction brings both ends toward the center. Usually this moves one end because the other is more fixed. Which end is fixed and which moves can be reversed.

26
Q

What determines range of motion?

A

Length of fibers

27
Q

What determines power of muscle?

A

Number of fibers

28
Q

What are the properties of muscle function?

A

Excitability (sensitivity to stimuli)
Contractility (ability to develop tension against resistance when stimulated)
Extensibility (ability to be passively stretched past resting length)
Elasticity (ability to return to original length)

29
Q

What roles do muscles work in?

A

Prime mover (agonist)
Antagonist
Synergist
Stabilizer

30
Q

What is the function of a lever?

A

Convert force into torque: work of muscle into rotation of bone.

31
Q

What’s the difference between a power lever and a speed lever?

A

Power lever has load close to fulcrum with effort applied far from fulcrum. Small effort can move the load a large distance.
Speed lever the load is far and effort is near. Force must be greater than the load, but it can move fast.

32
Q

What is the difference between first, second, and third class levers?

A

First class: see-saw (atlanto-occipital joint)
Second class: wheelbarrow, strong (standing on toes)
Third class: broom, fast (elbow joint)

33
Q

Describe the functional organization of skeletal muscle

A

Filaments -> myofibril -> muscle fiber -> fascicle -> muscle

34
Q

Describe the neuromuscular junction

A

The axon terminal of a motor neuron reaches the motor end plate on a muscle. They are separated by the synaptic cleft. When the neuron depolarizes, calcium channels open and trigger migration of synaptic vesicles to the membrane. The vesicles fuse with the membrane and release their contents, acetylcholine, into the synaptic cleft. ACh diffuses across the space and binds to receptors on the motor end plate, resulting in muscle contraction. Muscle relaxation is achieved by stopping the nerve impulse and allowing acetylcholinesterase to remove ACh from its receptor.

35
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A motor neuron and the set of muscle fibers it controls. This is how the nervous system interacts with the muscle.

36
Q

Describe muscle twitch, summation, and tetanus.

A

Twitch is a single brief stimulus to a muscle that produces a quick cycle of contraction and relaxation.
Summation happens when stimuli are applied before the prior relaxation is complete, so that subsequent contractions are greater.
Tetanus is a state of reduced relaxation due to high frequency stimulation.

37
Q

Nerve classification

A

A fibers: myelinated
Aa: fastest, largest diameter. Motor efferents & muscle spindle afferents
Ab: mechanoreceptors
Ag: motor efferent to muscle spindle
Ad: nociceptors
B fibers: myelinated but slower. Sympathetic preganglionic
C fibers: unmyelinated, slow and small. Pain, sympathetic postganglionic

38
Q

Spinal cord reflex arc

A 
Sensory receptor
Sensory neuron
Interneuron
Motor neuron
Effector organ
39
Q

What are the three proprioceptors?

A

Golgi tendon organs
Muscle spindles
Joint kinesthetic receptors

40
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Intrafusal muscle fibers with contractile fibers at one end embedded in the fleshy part of a muscle. Activate A-gamma motor neurons.
Respond to stretch in the muscle: nuclear bag fibers to fast changes and nuclear chain fibers to steady changes.
Receptors go to the spinal cord and brain and activate A alpha motor neurons to prevent over-stretching of the muscle.

41
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Encapsulated nerve endings located at the junction of muscle and tendon. Detect the force of muscle contraction and the tension applied to the tendon and causes sudden relaxation of muscle, preventing the contracting muscle from applying too much tension to the tendon.

42
Q

Joint kinesthetic receptors

A

Located in joint capsules, detect how the joint is moving. Consist of pacini corpuscles, ruffini corpuscles, and free nerve endings.

43
Q

What effects do proprioceptors have on muscle tone?

A

Quick stretch reflex
receiprocal inhibition
autogenic inhibition

44
Q

Quick stretch reflex

A

Reflex response from muscle spindles

Produces contraction of the muscle being stretched

45
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

Reflex response from muscle spindles

inhibits antagonist of contracted muscle

46
Q

autogenic inhibition

A

reflex response from golgi tendon organs

inhibits muscle that develops too much tension

47
Q

Define arthrokinematics

A

motion that occurs between articular surfaces of joints

48
Q

Define convex:

A

curved outward

49
Q

Define concave

A

curved inward

50
Q

What do you get from the convex-concave relationship?

A

increases contact surface area of the joint, which means you get:
joint stability
dissipation of contact forces
guide for motion of bones

51
Q

What are the five movements between joint surfaces?

A 
Roll
slide
spin
distraction/longitudinal traction
compression
52
Q

Convex-on-concave rule

A

When the concave side of a joint is stabilized, the convex surface slides in the opposite direction as it rolls.
Convex on top –> opposite

53
Q

Concave on convex rule

A

When the convex side of a joint is stabilized, the concave surface slides in the same direction as it rolls.
Concave on top –> same

Biomechanics (4 decks)

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