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Biomechanics > Biomechanics of Skeletal Tissue > Flashcards

Biomechanics of Skeletal Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Bones are generally made of…

A

calcium carbonate

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2
Q

What percentage of calcium phosphate are bones made up of?

A

60-70% of bone weight

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3
Q

Calcium phosphate functions to…

A

create stiffness of the bone and protect against compression

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4
Q

What minerals aid in bone growth

A

magnesium, sodium, and fluoride; collagen also helps with flexibility

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5
Q

Waters function in bone is to..

A

transports nutrients and remove waste

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6
Q

characteristics of Cortical Bone

A

decreased bone porosity; stiffer/ not very deformable

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7
Q

Where can cortical bone be found?

A

shafts of longs bones or outer surface of flat bones

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8
Q

characteristics of Trabecular Bone

A

increased porosity; deforms easier

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9
Q

Other terms for trabecular bones are…

A

cancellous/ spongy bone

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10
Q

Trabecular bone can be found…

A

at the end of long bones

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11
Q

Trabecular bone functions to…

A

absorb impact/ pressure/ and compression

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12
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

the membrane surrounding bone

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13
Q

The periosteum functions to…

A

protect the bone

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14
Q

anisotropic in reference to collagen fibers means…

A

different mechanical properties in response to stress from different directions

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15
Q

Which force is bone most designed to handle?

A

compression

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16
Q

Which force is bone weakest under?

A

shear

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17
Q

Short bones mostly function to…

A

absorb shock and decrease shear force on long bones

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18
Q

Flat bones function to…

A

distribute force across bone area to lessen impact

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19
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

tarsals and carpals

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20
Q

What are some examples of flat bones?

A

scapula, sternum, ribs, and skull

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21
Q

Why are
“irregular” bones irregular?

A

because they have many process for muscles and ligaments to attach to

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22
Q

What are some examples of irregular bones?

A

vertebrae and sacrum

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23
Q

What are some examples of long bones?

A

tibia, fibula, femur, humerus, ulna, and radius

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24
Q

Long bones function to…

A

hold body weight. lever system for movement

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25
Q

Longitudinal growth occurs at the…

A

epiphysis of the epiphyseal plate

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26
Q

Where do new bones cells form?

A

in cartilaginous discs

27
Q

cartilaginous discs are located…

A

at the end of long bones

28
Q

When are cartilaginous discs most active?

A

between 12-15 years old

29
Q

Cartilaginous discs typically close around…

A

age 18 years old; 25 years old for hip

30
Q

A fracture that spreads to the inside of a growth plate is called…

A

a Salter-Harris fracture

31
Q

Osteoblasts function to…

A

build bone in the periosteum

32
Q

osteoclasts function to…

A

reabsorb and clean out the medullary cavity

33
Q

a larger cavity in the bone provides more…

A

torsional support

34
Q

Bone modeling results in…

A

bone size and shape; modeling rate decreases after skeletal maturity

35
Q

Bone remodeling results in…

A

fine tuning of bones; 5-25% per year

36
Q

Bone remodeling functions to…

A

provide added strength to bones and removes fatigued/ damaged bone

37
Q

These sense changes in fluid through pores within bone…

A

osteocytes

38
Q

Blastic activity is caused by what?

A

osteocytes

39
Q

Bone mineral density parallels…

A

stress to the bone

40
Q

Tennis players tend to have larger…

A

radius

41
Q

Baseball players tend to have larger…

A

dominant humerus

42
Q

Athletes competing in impact sports have higher…

A

bone densities than swimmers/ non-impact

43
Q

Why do children have more pliable bones?

A

because they have large amounts of collagen in their bones

44
Q

What happens to bone brittleness as we age? Why?

A

bone brittleness increases due to loss of collagen

45
Q

Bone mineralizes until…

A

women: 25-28
men: 30-35

46
Q

At what rate doe women lose bone density and volume per year?

A

.5-1% per year until menopause

47
Q

Women can lose up to what percentage of bone density/ volume per year?

A

4% per year

48
Q

A lack of stress causes… in bone density?

A

bone atrophy; a decrease in bone mineral density

49
Q

A progressive resistance program aids to…

A

decrease the rate of bone mineral reduction

50
Q

Female Athlete Triad

A
  • disordered eating
  • amenorrhea/ no period
  • bone mineral loss
51
Q

Eating disorders effect…

A

hypothalamus activity; gonadotropin releasing hormone

52
Q

eating disorder results in…

A

decreased release of luteinizing hormone in the ovary

53
Q

What percentage of female athletes are affected by eating disorders?

A

22% cheerleaders
69% dancers
65% long-distance runners

54
Q

Cessation of menstrual cycle leads to…

A

estrogen deficiency

55
Q

Estrogen deficiency leads to…

A

increased bone reabsorption; osteoclastic activity

56
Q

Female Athlete Triad can lead to what percentage of decreased bone mineral density?

A

10-20% decrease

57
Q

Female Athlete Triad predominantly affects which bones?

A

weight bearing bones; tibia, femur, vertebrae

58
Q

A bone densitometry (DEXA) scan is to…

A

assess bone density

59
Q

Stress fractures are caused by…

A

low magnitude forces repeatedly sustained

60
Q

Examples of low magnitude forces are…

A
  • bending
  • impact
  • compression
61
Q

Stress fractures start…

A

in the periosteum and then into the cortical bone

62
Q

Most stress fractures are located in the…

A

tibia

63
Q

What are some causes of stress fractures?

A
  • increased training intensity/ duration
  • not absorbing forces correctly
  • changes in running surface
  • osteoblasts can’t maintain with osteoclast activity

Biomechanics (1 decks)

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