Biomechanics - Midterm Flashcards
First Order Interventions use manipulation, therapeutic exercise, massage or surgery for which 5 conditions?
- microtrauma
- macrotrauma
- repetitive stress
- postural syndromes
- congenital conditions
According to the Therapeutic Order, #4: Correct structural integrity contains which order interventions?
First Order and Second Order Interventions
Second Order Interventions use manipulation, therapeutic exercise, massage or surgery for structural problems that are a result of what?
Stress upon internal systems… e.g., digestive disorders
What are the divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
What are the cord levels for the Sympathetic ANS?
T1-L2
What are the 2 parts and cord levels for the Parasympathetic ANS?
- Cranial: III, VII, IX, X
- Sacral: S2, S3, S4
Which 2 influences of the Naturopathic Therapeutic Order happen via central, peripheral, autonomic nervous systems?
- Somato-Visceral influences
- Viscero-Somatic influences
According to Viscero-Viceral Reflexes, what are the influencing factors for local?
Local: Influencing the structure which generate the impulses
According to Viscero-Viceral Reflexes, what are the influencing factors for systemic?
Influencing other structures in response to a given stimuli
Which reflexes are a result of mind influences on the body and vice versa via complex interconnections and interactions?
Psycho-Somato-Visceral Reflexes
What is the study of motion or human movement?
Kinesiology
What concept applies the principles of physics to human motion?
Biomechanics
What is the branch of biomechanics that describes the motion of the body, without regard to forces or torque that may produce the motion?
Kinematics
What are the two branches of kinematics?
- Osteokinematics
- Arthrokinematics
Which branch of kinematics has gross motion of joints in the cardinal planes?
Osteokinematics
Which branch of kinematics has fine bone on bone motion within joints?
Arthrokinematics
What are the 2 types of Kinematic Translation?
- Rectilinear
- Curvilinear
Which Kinematic Translation movement may glide in a straight line?
Rectilinear
Which Kinematic Translation movement may glide in a curved line?
Curvilinear
What are 2 types of Kinematic Motion?
- Rotation
- Translation
Which motion produces body parts that move in a circular path around a pivot point (axis of motion)?
Rotation
Movement of the body in either translation or rotation can be described in which 2 ways?
- Active movement
- Passive movement
Which type of movement is caused by muscle action?
Active movement
Which type of movement is caused by sources outside the body, such as a push by another person or the pull of gravity?
Passive movement
What are the 3 planes of motion?
- Sagittal: [divides into Left and Right]
- Frontal (Coronal): [divides into Front and Back]
- Transverse (Axial): [divides into Upper and Lower]
What is the imaginary line perpendicular to the plane of motion and passing through the center of rotation?
Axis of motion
Bones rotate within a joint in a plane that is ___________ to the axis of rotation?
Perpendicular (90º)
What are the 3 axes and which direction do they run?
X-axis: Frontal (coronal)
Y-axis: Longitudinal (vertical)
Z-axis: Sagittal
Which 2 motions take place in the Sagittal Plane on the Front Axis?
Flexion and Extension
Which 2 motions take place in the Frontal Plane on the Sagittal Axis?
Abduction and Adduction
Which motion takes place in the Transverse Plane on the Longitudinal Axis?
Rotation
What is the determining position on the body for Right & Left and Medial and Lateral?
Midline - direction is determined from there
What is the determining factor for Distal & Proximal and Superior & Inferior?
The head
What describes the motion of bones relative to the three cardinal planes of the body?
Osteokinematics
What type of osteokinematics is the motion of one flat or nearly flat bone surface gliding or slipping over another without appreciable angulation or rotation (little motion)?
Linear motion (gliding)
What are 3 joint examples of osteokinematic linear motion?
- metacarpal joints
- metatarsal joints
- vertebral facets joints
Which osteokinematic motion causes either an increase or decrease in the angle between two bones and may occur in any body plane?
Angular motion (rotation)
What are 6 motion examples of angular motion?
- flexion
- extension
- hyperextension
- abduction
- adduction
- circumduction
In angular motion, flexion does what to the angle between elements?
reduces
In angular motion, extension does what to the angle between elements?
increases
What is extension past the anatomical position of a joint?
Hyperextension
In angular motion, abduction moves _____ the vertical axis.
away from
In angular motion, adduction moves ______ vertical axis.
toward
In angular motion, what movement is a circular motion without rotation?
Circumduction
What 4 motions make up circumduction?
- flexion
- abduction
- extension
- adduction
What movement is the rotation of the forearm so palm faces forward (upward)?
Supination
What movement is the rotation of the forearm so the palm faces to the rear (downward)?
Pronation
What movement is the turning of the sole of the foot inward or medially, and standing with weight on the outer edge of the foot?
Inversion
What movement is the turning of the sole of the foot outward or laterally, and standing with weight on the inner edge of the foot?
Eversion
What movement is extension at the ankle from neutral 90º (pointing toes)?
Plantar flexion
What movement is flexion at the ankle from neutral 90º (lifting toes)?
Dorsiflexion
Which motion is the superior direction or upward movement?
Elevation
Which motion is the inferior direction or downward movement?
Depression
Protraction and retraction are movements applied to which 3 areas?
- Jaw
- Shoulders
- Pelvis
Which motion moves anteriorly in the horizontal plane (pushing forward)?
Protraction
Which motion moves posteriorly in the horizontal plane (pulling back)?
Retraction
Which movement is important for hand function and enables the hand to grasp objects?
Thumb opposition
Which motion is thumb movement towards fingers or palm (grasping)?
Opposition
Which motion is movement of thumb back to anatomical position?
Reposition
What is a series of articulated segments linked together (i.e. connection between pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot)?
Kinematic chain
Within a kinematic chain, the terms “open” and “closed” are used to indicate what?
Which end of the extremity is fixed (anchored) to the earth or an immovable object
Which kinematic chain is when the distal segment of the chain is NOT FIXED to the earth or an immovable object, therefore… the distal segment is free to move?
Open kinematic chain (OKC)
Which kinematic chain is when the distal segment of the chain IS FIXED to the earth or an immovable object, therefore… the proximal segment is free to move?
Closed kinematic chain (CKC)
During knee flexion, which chain would be referred to if the tibia is moving on the femur? (i.e. sitting in a chair swinging the lower leg)
Open chain
During knee flexion, which chain would be referred to if the femur is moving on the tibia? (i.e. standing from a seated position)
Closed chain
What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?
- Synarthrosis: (immovable)
- Amphiarthrosis: (slightly movable)
- Diarthrosis: (freely movable)
What are the 3 structural classifications of joints?
- Fibrous (generally immovable)
- Cartilagenous (both movable and immovable)
- Synovial (generally freely movable)
T/F: Fibrous joints have a joint capsule
False! They have NO joint capsule.
What are the 2 movements of a fibrous joint?
- Synarthrodial
- Amphiarthrodial
In fibrous joints, the amount of movement is dependent upon the…
Length of connective tissue fibers connecting bones
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
- Suture
- Gomphosis
- Syndesmosis
Which fibrous joint occurs only between bones of the skull?
Sutures
What are the 3 functions of fibrous joints - sutures?
- hold bones tightly together
- allows bone growth during youth
- ossified later in life … “synostosis”
Which type of joint has the following characteristics: Peg-in-socket fibrous joint and articulation of tooth into alveolar socket?
What is the fibrous connection?
Gomphosis; short periodontal ligament
Which type of fibrous joint has bones connected by ligaments and have amphiarthrodial movement?
Syndesmosis
Depending on length of collagen fibers cartilaginous joints may have which 2 types of movement?
- Synarthrodial (immovable)
- Amphiarthrodial (slightly moveable)
What are 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
- Synchondrosis
- Symphysis
What are 2 examples of synchondrosis, cartilaginous joints?
- epiphyseal plate joining diaphysis to epiphysis (temporary joint)
- costosternal joint
What type of cartilage joint is fused to shock-absorbing pad of fibrocartilage? What are 2 examples?
- intervertebral joints
- pubic symphysis
Which joint has bones separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity connected by ligaments of dense connective tissue, permitting freedom of movement?
Synovial joints
What are the 6 types of synovial joints, based on structure and type of motion?
- Gliding joints
- Hinge joints
- Pivot joints
- Condyloid joints
- Saddle joints
- Ball-and-socket joints
What is surrounded by epimysium and contains muscle fascicles?
Skeletal muscle
What is surrounded by perimysium and contains muscle fibers?
Muscle Fascicle
What is surrounded by endomysium and contains myofibrils?
Muscle Fiber
What is surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum and consists of sarcomeres?
Myofibril
Sarcomere contains which 2 types of filaments?
Thick and Thin filaments
What is the name of the site where axon and muscle fiber communicate?
Neuromuscular Junction
What are 5 basic components of the neuromuscular junction?
- motor neuron
- motor end plate
- synaptic cleft
- synaptic vesicles
- neurotransmitters
Motor nerve impulses cause release of acetylcholine (ACh) from synaptic vesicles which bind to receptors on the motor end plate and generate what?
muscle contraction
During muscle relaxation what breaks down acetylcholine?
acetylcholinesterase
During muscle relaxation, calcium moves back into which structure?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
This single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls is the functional connection between the nervous system and the muscular system.
Motor unit
What happens when when a motor unit fires?
All the muscle fibers contract together
T/F: One neuron may innervate several muscle fibers
True
T/F: Only one muscle fiber will be innervated by one motor neuron
FALSE!! One muscle fiber may be innervated by several motor neurons