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A Level PE 2016+ > Biomechanics - Linear Motion & Levers > Flashcards

Biomechanics - Linear Motion & Levers Flashcards

1
Q

What is Linear Motion?

A

Motion in a straight or curved line, with all body parts moving the same distance at the same speed in the same direction.

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2
Q

What is the purpose of Newton’s Laws of Motions?

A

They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and the body’s motion in response to these forces to help us understand human movement.

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3
Q

What does Newton’s First Law of Motion state?

A

Law of Inertia
“Every body continues in its state of rest or motion in a straight line, unless compelled to change that state by external forces exerted upon it.”

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4
Q

What is Inertia?

A

The resistance an object has to a change in its state of motion.

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5
Q

What does Newton’s Second Law of Motion state?

A

Law of Acceleration
“The rate of momentum of a body (or the acceleration for a body of constant mass) is proportional to the force causing it and the change that takes place occurs in the direction in which the force acts.”

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6
Q

What 2 things determine the acceleration a body experiences?

A
  • The magnitude (size) of the force

- The direction in which the force acts

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7
Q

What does Newton’s Third Law of Motion state?

A

Law of Action/Reaction
“For every force that is exerted by one body on another, there is an equal and opposite force exerted by the second body on the first”

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8
Q

What is Ground Reaction Force?

A

The equal and opposite force exerted on a performer who applies a muscular force on the ground.

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9
Q

What is a Scalar Quantity?

A

A measurement described in terms of MAGNITUDE (size) only.

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10
Q

What is a Vector Quantity?

A

A measurement described in terms of both MAGNITUDE and DIRECTION.

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11
Q

What is Speed?

A
  • The rate of change of position
  • A body’s movement per unit of time
  • Measured in m/s or m.s-1
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12
Q

What is Distance?

A

The length of the pat a body follows when moving from one position to another.

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13
Q

What are the 3 aspects of the SDT memory tool?

A

Distance = Speed x Time

Speed = Distance / Time

Time = Distance / Speed

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14
Q

What is the Centre of Mass?

A
  • The point of concentration of mass

- The point of balance of the body

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15
Q

What is the Line of Gravity?

A

This is the line extending vertically downwards from the centre of mass

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16
Q

State two factors that affect the stability of a gymnast holding a headstand.

A
  •    Height of centre of mass of the gymnast
  •    Area of base of support for the headstand
  •    Position of line of gravity and body mass
  •    The mass of the body
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17
Q

What are the 3 components of a Lever?

A
  • Fulcrum
  • Resistance
  • Effort / Force
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18
Q

In terms of Levers, what is the RESISTANCE?

A

The weight to be moved by the lever system

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19
Q

Identify the class of lever operating at the ankle

A

Second class lever system

20
Q

What does a 3rd Class Lever look like?

A

Effort Resistance
____________^____________________________|
^
Fulcrum

21
Q

What is the middle component of a 2nd Class Lever

A

Resistance

22
Q

What is a 1st Class Lever?

A

The fulcrum lies between the effort and resistance

23
Q

What is a 2nd Class Lever?

A

The resistance is between the fulcrum and effort

24
Q

What is a 3rd Class Lever?

A

The effort is between the fulcrum and resistance

25
Q

What is Mechanical Advantage?

A

Where the force arm is longer than the resistance arm.

26
Q

What is Mechanical Disadvantage?

A

Where the resistance arm is longer than the force arm

27
Q

What is the force arm?

A
  • The length of the line between where the fulcrum and effort are labelled

OR

  • The distance between the point where the effort acts and the fulcrum of the lever
28
Q

What is the resistance arm?

A
  • The length of the line between where the fulcrum and resistance are labelled

OR

  • The distance between the point where the resistance acts and the fulcrum of the lever
29
Q

State one mechanical advantage of the lever system operating at the ankle joint during a jump shot in basketball

A
  • Overcomes heavy loads / weight

(Do not accept carry / withstand / support, must refer to lifting or moving)

  • Large force is generated / longer effort arm / reduced effort needed
30
Q

Define Mass

A
  • The quantity of matter a body possesses

- Measured in Kg

31
Q

Define Weight

A
  • The gravitational force exerted on an object

- Measured in Newtons

32
Q

Define Displacement

A

The length of a straight line between the starting and finishing position

33
Q

Define Velocity

A
  • Rate of change of displacement
  • How fast a body travels in a given direction
  • Displacement (m) / Time (s)
  • Measured in m/s or m.s-1
34
Q

Define Acceleration

A
  • Rate of change of velocity of an object
  • Change in Velocity (m/s) / Time (s)
  • Measured in m/s/s or m.s-2
35
Q

Define Momentum

A
  • Amount of motion a body possesses
  • The product of the mass and velocity of an object
  • Momentum = Mass (kg) x Velocity (m.s-1)
  • Measured in kgm/s or kgm.s-1
36
Q

What is an external force?

A

Any force which comes from outside the body

37
Q

What is an internal force?

A

A force generated by the skeletal muscles

38
Q

Which Vertical Forces act on a sports performer / object?

A
  • Weight (Gravity)

- Reaction Force

39
Q

Which Horizontal Forces act on a sports performer / object?

A
  • Friction (Frictional force)
    Static Friction
    Sliding Friction
  • Air resistance
40
Q

What is Friction?

A

A force which occurs when two or more bodies are in contact with one another

41
Q

What is Air Resistance?

A

A force that acts in the opposite direction to the motion of a body travelling through the air

42
Q

What is Net Force?

A
  • The resultant force acting on a body when all other forces have been considered
  • Balanced forces v Unbalanced forces
43
Q

What is Impulse?

A
  • The time it takes for a force to be applied to an object or body
  • Calculated as Impulse (Ns) = Force x Time
44
Q

What impact does Impulse have on Momentum?

A

Increased impulse increases the rate of change of momentum, therefore causing a large change in velocity.

45
Q

Describe the forces acting on a performer who is running.

A 
A.	Gravity
B.	Friction
C.	Air resistance
D.	Action force/muscular forces
E.	Reaction forces/ground reaction force
46
Q

Name the lever system operating at the elbow during elbow extension

A

Third class / order lever

A Level PE 2016+ (6 decks)

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