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Sport Science Y1S1 > Biomechanics + Kinesiology > Flashcards

Biomechanics + Kinesiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What do the terms kinematic and kinetics refer not?

A

Kinematics = motion of bodies without considering the forces that caused the motion

Kinetics = relationship between motion and its causes

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2
Q

What does translation and rotation mean?

A

Translation = a motion that moves all points of a body in a straight line, the same direction

Rotation = change in orientation of a body or segment

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3
Q

Define scalar, vector + magnitude

A

Scaler = magnitude (single number) e.g. distance, speed, time

Vector = magnitude + direction e.g. displacement, velocity, acceleration

Magnitude = Pythagoras theorem (square root of x2+y2)

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4
Q

What is the equation for velocity and acceleration?

A

Velocity = displacement / change in time

Acceleration = change in velocity / change in time
- gravity is always -9.81 m/s2

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5
Q

What do the letters in SUVAT stand for?

A

S = displacement
U = initial velocity
V = final velocity
A = acceleration
T = time

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6
Q

What are the 4 key SUVAT equations?

A

S = ut + 1/2at2
S = 1/2 (u+v)t
V = u + at
V2 = u2 + 2a

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7
Q

What does inertia mean?

A

Reluctance of a body to change its state of motion

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8
Q

What is the equation for linear momentum?

A

Linear momentum (kg ms-1) = mass x velocity

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9
Q

What is force?

A

The pushing or pulling action that an object exerts on another
- a force of 1N is the force that will produce an acceleration of 1 ms-2 in a 1kg mass

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10
Q

What are the internal and external forces causing translational movement?

A

Internal - muscle forces, joint forces

External - gravity, ground, air drag

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11
Q

Explain Newtons First Law

A

An object remains at rest or continues to move with a constant momentum unless acted upon by a net force

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12
Q

Explain Newtons Second Law

A

Rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the force causing it and the change takes place in the direction in which the force acts
- F = ma

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13
Q

Explain Newtons Third Law

A

Every action force has an equal and opposite reaction force

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14
Q

What is the equation linking to friction?

A

Ff = uN

Ff = limiting friction force
u = coefficient of friction
N = normal reaction force

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15
Q

What does centre of mass mean and the effects of…
- push through CoM
- Push outside CoM

A

CoM = conceptual point where all mass of a body can be considered to be concentrated

  • push through CoM = only linear movement
  • push outside CoM = rotational movement
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16
Q

What is the centre of gravity of a body?

A

Talking about weight rather than mass
- distribution of weight is equal in all directions

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17
Q

How can CoG/ CoM be found for…
- geometric shapes
- rigid bodies

A
  1. Geometric shapes = calculated as we know distribution of all points making it up
  2. Rigid bodies = balance or knife edge method can be used
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18
Q

What does equilibrium mean?

A

A balanced set of forces and moments resulting in no acceleration of the body

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19
Q

When a system is in equilibrium…. [2]

A
  • sum of forces on body are 0
  • sum of moments about a point are 0
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20
Q

What does moment/ torque mean and what is the equation?

A

Moment / torque is the product of a force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the pivot joint

Moment (Nm) = force (N) x perpendicular distance (m)

Torque = moment of inertia x angular acceleration

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21
Q

What 2 pieces of equipment can be used to determine CoG?

A
  1. Statograph = a device for finding CoG by summing moments about one axis
  2. Reaction board = by summing moments about two axis
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22
Q

What does balance and stability mean?

A

Balance = ability to control equilibrium (state of 0 acceleration)
- CoG over base of support

Stability = tendency of a body to remain in or return to its initial position following application of a force

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23
Q

What does passive stability depend on?

A
  • weight
  • area of a base
  • horizontal distance from CoG to pivot point
  • height of CoG above base of support
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24
Q

What are the 3 kinds of equilibrium?

A

Stable equilibrium

Unstable equilibrium

Neutral equilibrium

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25
Q

Explain stable equilibrium

A

Potential energy is at a minimum

Work must be done to change

Tendency to turn to original posture

26
Q

Explain unstable equilibrium

A

Potential energy at it near a maximum

Very little if any work must be done to change

Small movement takes the gravity line outside the base

27
Q

Explain neutral equilibrium

A

Object moves but no change in potential energy

Base of support is small, but doesn’t matter

28
Q

List some modifiable factors to increase stability

A
  • keeping CoG over base of support
  • lowering CoG
  • increase mass
  • extend base of support towards oncoming force
  • shift CoG towards oncoming force
29
Q

What are some common reflex balance mechanisms?

A
  • ankle strategy
  • hip strategy
  • stepping response
  • arm circle
30
Q

How is impulse calculated?

A

Impulse = force x time

BUT
As Force = mass x acceleration
It is also = m (v-u) / t

So Ft = mv - mu
(Impulse is change in momentum)

31
Q

How is the area of a trapezium calculated - IMPULSE GRAPHS?

A

(H1 + H2) / 2

Where H = height

32
Q

What are the effects on momentum and velocity when impulse is 0?

A

If +ive impulse = -ive impulse
- change in momentum = 0
- change in velocity = 0

33
Q

What are the effects on momentum and velocity when impulse is positive?

A

If +ive impulse > -ive impulse
- change in momentum > 0
- change in velocity > 0

34
Q

What is energy?

A

Quantitative property that must be transferred to a body or physical system to perform work on a body

  • one joule is the energy required to accelerate 1kg of mass at 1m/s2 through a distance of 1m
35
Q

What are the 2 subcategories of mechanical energy?

A

Potential energy

Kinetic energy

36
Q

What is potential energy?

A

The energy that a body possesses due to its position relative to the earths surface

PE = mass x gravity x height

37
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

The energy that a body possesses due to its movement

KE = 1/2 mass x velocity2

38
Q

What is projectile motion?

A

How a point or body moves when airborne

39
Q

Describe a parabola flight path

A
  • the lines (time intervals) are the same distance apart horizontally
  • but the vertical lines become closer due to gravity speeding the body up
40
Q

What are the factors affecting projectile range?

A
  1. Release speed
  2. Release angle
    - 45 degrees is optimal angle if landing height is same as release height
  3. Release height
41
Q

What is tangential release?

A

If a body is moving in a circle and is released, the release angle equals the tangent to the circle

42
Q

What is angular displacement + what is it measured in?

A

It is the change in angular position
- degrees (360)
- revolutions (1 rev)
- radians (2 pi)

43
Q

What’s the conversion between…
1. Degrees to revs
2. Degrees to radians

A
  1. Divide by 360
  2. Divide by 360 and then x by 2pi
44
Q

What is angular velocity and what is it measured in?

A

Angular displacement / change in time
- degrees per second
- revolutions per second
- radians per second

45
Q

What is angular acceleration + what is it measured in?

A

Change in angular velocity/ change in time
- degrees per second (squared)
- revolutions per second (squared)
- radians per second (squared)

46
Q

What is circular motion + how is it calculated?

A

Com rotates at a constant distance from a fixed axis of rotation

Angle = arc of segment / radius of circle

Therefore…

Arc of segment = radius of circle x angle

47
Q

How is tangential velocity calculated?

A

Linear velocity = radius x angular velocity

48
Q

How is tangential acceleration calculated?

A

Radius x angular acceleration

49
Q

How is radial acceleration calculated?

A

Radial velocity = 0

Radial acceleration =
1. Tangential velocity2 / radius
2. Angular Velocity2 x radius

50
Q

We know that F = ma, however what is the other equation with the new equation for radial acceleration?

A

Force = mass x (v2 / r)

51
Q

What’s the difference between linear and angular motion?

A

Linear = a body will remain at rest or continue in a state of constant linear motion unless it is acted upon by an external force

Angular = a body will remain at rest or continue in a state of constant angular motion unless it is acted upon by an external torque

52
Q

What is angular momentum + how is it calculated?

How is linear momentum calculated?

A

The measure of the quantity of rotation
= moment of inertia x angular velocity

Linear momentum = mass x velocity

53
Q

What is moment of inertia?

How is it calculated for a point mass and a real mass?

A

It is the rotational equivalent to mass - the resistance of a body to change its state of angular motion

Point mass = mass x distance2

Real mass = sum of (mass x distance2)

54
Q

Is angular momentum constant in flight?

A

YES

Inertia (straight) x angular velocity (straight) = inertia (tucked) x angular velocity (tucked)

55
Q

How can angular momentum be referenced to Newton’s second law?

A

The rate of change of angular momentum of a body is proportional to the torque causing it and takes place only in the direction in which the torque acts

56
Q

How is torque calculated (rotational)?

A

Torque = moment of inertia x angular acceleration

OR

Force x distance

57
Q

How is rotational energy calculated?

A

Rotational energy = 1/2 angular momentum x angular velocity

58
Q

How is the release window for timing of release calculated?

A

T1 - T0

T1 = last time you can release successfully

T0 = first time can release successfully

  • the greater the window, the easier the release to time is
59
Q

How can a twist be produced?

A

Uses newtons 3rd law = for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force

Contact twist
- in contact with the floor so when you push off, you spin in opposite direction

Aerial twist
- the use of folding + hula motion can initiate twist after takeoff

60
Q

How can tilt be produced?

A

By using asymmetrical limbs…
- bringing one arm down midair = tilt in opposite direction (towards that arm)
- also therefore used to correct instability (motor control)

Sport Science Y1S1 (3 decks)

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