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PE Studies > Biomechanics & Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

Biomechanics & Functional Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Muscle Belly?

A

The collection of the muscle fibers contained within their connective tissue sheaths.

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2
Q

What is the Epimysium?

A

The dense connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle tissue.

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3
Q

What is the Endomysium?

A

A wispy layer of areolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual muscle fiber.

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4
Q

What is a Fascicle?

A

A bundle of muscle fibers.

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5
Q

What is the Perimysium?

A

A connective tissue sheath that surrounds individual muscle fascicles, and seperates them from other fascicles within the skeletal muscle.

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6
Q

What is a Muscle Fiber?

A

Bundles of long cyclindrical cells.

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7
Q

What is a Myofibril?

A

Long contractile fibres, which run parallel to each other on the long axis of the myocytes.

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8
Q

What is a Sarcomere and it’s role?

A

The sarcomere is the contractile unit of the muscle. It comprimises the unit between the two Z-lines and makes up the functional unit of a muscle fiber.

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9
Q

What is Myosin and it’s role?

A

The thick protein filament that contains crossbridges. The myosin heads bind and hydrolyse ATP, which provides the energy to drive filament sliding.

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10
Q

What is the actin and it’s role?

A

The thin protein filament attached to the Z-line. The actin filaments slide past the myosin filaments toward the middle of the sarcomere, which results in the shortening of the sarcomere without any change in filament length.

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11
Q

What is the H Zone and it’s role?

A

The space between the actin filaments. The H zone contains only thick filaments and is shortened during contraction.

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12
Q

What is the I band and it’s role?

A

The gap between the end of a myosin filament and the Z-line. It allows the sarcomere to lengthen and shorten, and for the muscles to perform their functions.

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13
Q

What is the A Band and it’s role?

A

The A band is the dark region within a sarcomere that contains thick myosin filaments.

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14
Q

What is the Z-Line and it’s role?

A

A protein band that defines the boundary between one sarcomere and the next in a muscle fibre.

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15
Q

What is the role of calcium in the sliding thilament theory?

A

Calcium triggers contraction by reaction with regulatory proteins that in the absence of calcium prevent interaction of actin and myosin.

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16
Q

What is the Sliding Filament Theory?

A

The explanation for how muscles contract to produce force.

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17
Q

What is a occurs during a Cocentric contraction?

A

The muscle shortens, and this occurs when you apply a force against direction of gravity.

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18
Q

Explain the impact an increase in velocity has on force?

A

When a muscle shortens with increasing velocity, the force that the muscle can produce decreases due to the lower number of cross-bridges attached.

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19
Q

Explain the impact a decrease in velocity has on force?

A

As muscle velocity decreases, more cross-bridges have time to attach and consequently the muscle can generate more force.

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20
Q

What is Force-Length?

A

Maximum tension is best achieved when muscle is at it’s normal resting length as this increases the number of cross-bridges that can be attached between the myosin and the actin. Muscles generate less force as they contract beyond optimal length.

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of Muscle Fibres?

A

Type 1 = Slow Twitch
Type 2A = Fast Oxidative
Type 2B = Fast Glycolytic

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22
Q

Where is Type 1 Muscle Fibre in the body?

A

Gastroncnemius and Deltoid

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23
Q

Where is Type 2 Muscle Fibre in the body?

A

Quadricep Group, Hamstrings and Pectoral Group

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24
Q

Sports associated with Type 1 Muscle Fibre?

A

Endurance Athletes
- Marathon Runner
- Open Water Swimmer

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25
Q

Sports associated with Type 2A muscle fibre?

A
  • 800m runner and 100m swimmer.
26
Q

Sports associated with Type 2B muscle fibre?

A

Power Athletes
- Sprinters
-Shot Putter

27
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord?

A

It relays information from the brain to the body and relays messages from the body back to the brain.

28
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

Send messages to the muscles from the brain.

29
Q

What is a Motor Neuron?

A

The nerve cell that transmits an impulse towards the muscle fibres.

30
Q

What do Dendrites do?

A

Detect stimulus or impulse from the CNS and send on to the cell body.

31
Q

What does the Cell Body do?

A

Processes the impulse and sends a signal to the axons.

32
Q

What do the Axons do?

A

Transmits an impulse away from the cell body towards the muscle.

33
Q

What does the motor end plate do?

A

Relays the stimulus to the muscle fibres through neuromuscular junction.

34
Q

What is the Motor Unit?

A

Refers to the motor neuron and the muscle fibres which are influenced by that nerve, and may innervate hundreds to thousands of muscle fibres.

35
Q

What does the all-or-none principal of a motor unit state?

A

If an electrical stimulus reaches a threshold level, then all muscle fibres associated with that motor unit will contract to their maximum level, all at the same time.

36
Q

Steps of Neurotransmission?

A
  1. Sensory neuron detects stimulus, sends signal to brain.
  2. Brain sends signal down spinal cord.
  3. Impulse picked up by dendrites, processed by cell body.
  4. Nerve impulse reaches neuromuscular junction.
37
Q

Role of the brain in relation to creating movement?

A

The cerebellum relays impulses for movement from the motor area of the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord; from there, they pass to their designated muscle groups.

38
Q

What is Force?

A

An influence that may cause a body to alter it’s state of motion. It may be experienced as a lift, a push or a pull and has magnitude and direction.

39
Q

What is Cocentric Force?

A

Force applied to produce linear motion.

40
Q

What is an Eccentric Force?

A

Force applied to produce angular motion.

41
Q

What is Newton’s 1st Law?

A

An object at rest will remain at rest and a moving object will continue moving unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force.

42
Q

What is inertia?

A

The body’s resistance to change it’s motion , and is proportional to the body’s mass.

43
Q

What is Newtons 2nd Law?

A

The rate of change of acceleration to a body is proportional to the force applied to it, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

44
Q

What is Newton’s 3d Law?

A

For every action there in an equal and opposite reaction.

45
Q

What does Newton’s 3d Law explain about momentum?

A

It explains that when collisions occur, an equal and opposite force occurs, resulting in a transfer of momentum from one object to the other.

46
Q

Explain Momentum?

A

Refers to how Momentum of an object or body is equal to it’s mass multiplied by its velocity.

47
Q

Explain Conservation of Momentum:

A

When an object is moving, it has momentum, and as long as no force is applied to change it’s speed, it’s momentum is said to be conserved.

48
Q

Outline Conservation of Momentum during a collision:

A

When a collision occurs the total momentum berfore the collosion should be equal to the momentum after the collision.

49
Q

What is impulse?

A

The change in momentum, it is Force X Time.

50
Q

Outline Impulse

A

Where force equals the object’s mass multiplied by it’s acceleration, the time equals the length of time for which the force is applied to the object.

51
Q

Explain absorbing force when catching a ball?

A

When catching a ball, the impulse is the same in both curves. The difference in time lowers the peak force, and reduces the chance of injury.

52
Q

What is follow through?

A

It is how the time of contact with the ball is increased, so the amount of momentum change is also increased. It ensures the maximum force is applied to the object by avoiding deceleration before contact with or release of the ball.

53
Q

What is Coefficient Restituion?

A

The value that represents the ration of the velocity after an impact, compared with velocity before the impact. It is a measurment of the energy loss when two objects collide.

54
Q

How does Materials of interacting bodies influence COR?

A

New tennis balls will have higher coefficient than old balls and different surfaces, which will influence bounce height.

55
Q

How does the Velocity affect COR?

A

The velocity between the oncoming ball and the swinging implement will ater the COR, as higher velocities will reduce COR because of greater compression of ball.

56
Q

How does the temperature affect COR?

A

As the temperature of a ball increases, so does the COR.

57
Q
A
58
Q

What does the Sliding Filament Thory Explain?

A

It explains the shortening of the sarcomere and the resulting contraction of the muscle.

59
Q

Sliding Filament Theory Steps:

A
  1. Neurotransmitter stimulates release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum.
  2. Calcium released into the sarcomere binds with Actin and reveals binding site.
  3. Myosin heads are strongly attached to the Actin binding site and reach out to take hold.
  4. Cross-bridges pull with a power stroke, causing actin to slide over myosin, towards centre.
  5. Z-lines pulled closer together and H zone and I band reduce in size.
  6. Movement of Z lines cause sarcomere to shorten.
  7. Repeated along the length of each myofibril, causing each muscle fibre to get shorter.
60
Q
A

PE Studies (1 decks)

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