biomechanics exam 2 Flashcards by jordan comer

what is the palatable mid line point, that serves as an attachment site for the ligamentum nuchae and medial portion of the upper trap?

external occipital protuberance

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what extends laterally from the external occipital protuberance and is the attachment site for several extensor muscles?

superior nuchal line

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what is the attachment site for semispinalis capitis?

inferior nuchal line

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what is the hole in the bottom of the skull called?

foramen magnum

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what are the convex components of the OA joint

occipital condyles

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what is the 1st subdivision of a vertebrae?

body - it is anterior, and is the primary weight bearing portion

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what is the 2nd subdivision of a vertebrae?

posterior elements - transverse process and spinous process, laminate, and articular processes

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function of laminate?

protect the posterior aspect of the spinal cord

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function of the transverse process?

attachment for muscles, ligaments, and ribs

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function of spinous process?

midline attachment for muscles and ligaments

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what is the 3rd subdivision of a vertebrae?

pedicles - act as a bridge that connects the body with the posterior elements. also transfers the muscle forces applied to the posterior elements to the discs/body.

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large cylindrical mass of bone and acts as the primary weight bearer of each vertebrae

vertebral body

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thick ring of fibrocartilage located between all vertebral bodies below C2, acts as primary shock absorber

intervertebral disc

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short and thick dorsal projection of bone from the mid to superior part of the vertebral body, connects the vertebral bodies to the posterior elements of the vertebrae

pedicle

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cartilaginous joint formed between the superior and inferior surfaces of a intervertebral disc and adjacent vertebral bodies, acts as a primary bond between vertebrae

intervertebral joints

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thin vertical plate of bone connecting base of spinous process to each transverse process, protects the posterior aspect of spinal cord

lamina

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central canal that houses and protects spinal cord

vertebral canal

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lateral opening between adjacent vertebrae and passageway for spinal nerve roots to exit the vertebral canal

intervertebral foramen

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horizontal projection of bone and junction of lamina and pedicle and attachment site for muscles, ligaments, and ribs

transverse process

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rounded impression formed in the lateral sides of thoracic vertebrae body and attachment sites for head of ribs to form costocarpal joints

costal facets of body

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oval facets located at the anterior tips of most thoracic vertebrae transverse process and is attachment site for articular tubercle of ribs to form costotransverse joint

costal facet of transverse process

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dorsal midline projection of bone and midline attachment for muscles and ligaments

spinous process

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ribs 1-7 attach to the sternum via ____

sternocostal joints

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ribs 8-10 attachment to the sternum via _____

cartilage

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cervical and lumbar curve is

lordosis

sacrum and thoracic is

kyphosis

where should the line of gravity fall in regards to S2, hip joints, knees and ankles, and mastoid process

anterior to the S2, posterior to the hip, anterior to knees/ankles, and near mastoid process

what are some factors that might affect the line of gravity?

- fat deposition - posture -disease - muscle endurance and strength

what ligament is 80% elastin and 20% collagen, thickest in the lumbar, has a constant and modest resistance throughout the wide range of flexion, it is explained as the "yellow ligament"

ligamentum flavum

what ligament fills space between the adjacent spinous processes and resists flexion?

interspinous

what ligament attaches to the tips of the spinous process and resists flexion more strongly due to more collagen?

supraspinus

what ligament is the midline attachment for muscles and is a continuation of supraspinous ligament?

ligamentum nuchae

what ligament is poorly defined, thin, and mostly taut in contralateral flexion (SB)?

intertransverse

what ligament is long, strong, strap like, and covers the entire anterior surface of the vertebral bodies and is taut in extension and slacked in flexion?

anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)

what ligament covers the entire posterior surface of the vertebral bodies and is taut in flexion and is within the vertebral canal?

posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)

T/F? capsular ligaments of the apophyseal joints are a blend of elastin and collagen, slack in neutral, reinforced by the mutlifidi and ligamentum flavum, attaches to the entire rim of the facet surfaces

TRUE

the ______ is the amount of intervertebral movement that occurs with the LEAST passive resistance from the surrounding tissues and IS INCREASED with injury or weakness of tissues

neutral zone

the ______ consists of bony structures, ligaments, joint capsules, discs, and passive musculotendious units. It sends feedback to the neural subsystem about joint position and challenges stability.

passive system

the _____ system is composed of muscles and tendons

active system

the _____ receives and transmits info from the other two subsystems and help to manage neuromuscular control and manages spinal stability

neural subsystem

______ can be viewed from a segmental level and whole spine level and when the neutral zone is larger than normal the spinal segments can become unstable

core stability

what are the 3 atypical cervical vertebrates and why?

1. C1 - no body, no lamina, no pedicle, no spinous process 2. C2 - dens, bifurcated spinous process, broad/palatable 3. C7 - largest, has large TP and SP

what are the 4 atypical thoracic vertebrae and why?

1. T1 - full costal facet, entire rib, elongated spinous process 2. T10,T11,T12 - single full costal facet

C3-C4 are uncovertebral joints through C6-C7 are called Joints of Luschka, moved by a technique called _______

coupling

the transverse foramina houses the _____ artery

vertebral

the three intervertebral functional joint components are

transverse and spinous, apophyseal joints, inter body joints

how many pairs of apopyseal joints are there?

24 pairs

what kind of joint is apophyseal?

plane joint

apophyseal are lined with ______ cartilage, and enclosed with ______ fluid

articular ; synovial

T/F apophyseal joints are the most frequent in the upper cervical and lumbar and often have sub scapular fat pads

TRUE

osteokinematics within intervertebral joints moves in ___ cardinal planes and arthokinematics within joints favor approximation, separation, gapping and sliding

what is the nucleus pulpous made out of?

pulplike gel

why is the nucleus pulpous hydophillic?

because of the GAG

is the disc + or - charged?

it is - charge bc of the charged groups of GAG

how many concentric rings of collagen fibers is the annulus fibrosis made out of?

15-25 at a degree of 65 vertical

annulus fibrosis prevents 3 main forces on the body what are they?

distraction, shear, torsion

T/F? annulus fibrosis entrap/encase liquid based nucleus

TRUE

outer layer disc contain only ______ nerves

sensory

what characteristics of an intervertebral joint is relatively thin (only 5% of the disc height) and is a cartilaginous cap that covers the superior/inferior surface of vertebral bodies?

endplates

in the vertebral end plates the surface that faces the disc binds directly and strongly to _____ in the annulus

collagen

in the surface that faces the calcified cartilage it is ______ fixed to the bone

weakly

in regards to disc generation, reduced permeability in a disc inhibits syntheses of _______ which then creates less water, thus making it weak to ____ and _____ with loads

proteoglycans, absorb, and transfer

disc generation DOES NOT happen only with aging

true

what is the cycle for degeneration?

1. matrix and remodel 2. gag decreased, collagen increased 3. matrix dehydration 4. structural/functional matrix failure 5. impaired nutrition/ altered Biomechanical environments 6. cell changes cell death/senescene

the intervertebral joint is described as a hydrostatic pressure distributor because

its a load sharing system in which compressive loads push endplates inward toward the nucleus and the nucleus slowly deforms radially versus the annulus

based on the in vivo pressure from a 70 kg subject, which is the higher load to the discs?

lifting

what happens in sustained and full lumbar extension

pressure reduced and allows water to be reabsorbed in the disc

what is the phenomenon of diurnal fluctuations of a disc?

WB pushes water out of disc, we are taller first thing in the morning

what position are the intervertebral foramen most open?

flexion

whats C1 called?

atlas

C1 is also called _______ and is _____ on _______, and has ___ degrees of freedom

OA joint, convex on concave, 2 degrees of freedom

the degrees of freedom for C1 are:

flx/ext and sb

C2 is called

axis

C2 is also called _____ and specifically has dens. Due to its pivot joint its main motion is _______ but has another degree of freedom being ______

AA joint, rotation, and flx/ext

C2 has _____ synovial cavities

C2 has a pair of apopyseal joints

TRUE

what ligament is strong for horizontal stability and keeps the dens in place

transverse ligament

what ligament has a tough fibrous cord and runs at the side of the dens to the lateral foramen magnum?

alar ligament

T/F? C2-C7 facets are like shingles on the roof at a 45 degree angle and had movement in all 3 planes?

TRUE

in regards to osteokinematics how many degrees of extension does the neck have?

120-135 resting 30-35 degrees extension

in regards to osteokinematics how many degrees of flexion does the neck have?

45-50 with 20-25 coming from the OA/AA joint

where do the largest spondylosis injuries happen at?

C4-C5, C5-C6

in regards to horizontal place osteokinematics how many degrees do we need for vision, hearing, safety? How many degrees for rotation? how many degrees of axial rotation?

42-48 for vision, hearing and safety 65-75 for rotation 50-60 for axial rotation

how many degrees of kyphosis for the thoracic spine is normal?

40-45

what two things form a spinal nerve root?

ventral and dorsal

ventral nerve roots are ______ and ______

efferent and motor

dorsal nerve roots are _____ and ______

afferent and sensory

spinal nerve root 1 exits between _______

C1 posterior arch and occipital bone

spinal nerve root 8 exits between ______

C7 & T1

after a spinal nerve root exits at its respective level it splits into

ventral and dorsal ramus

ventral ramus form nerves to innervate nerves and muscles in the _____ trunk

dorsal ramus form nerves to innervate nerves and muscles in the _____ trunk

posterior

______ is described as an intermingling of ventral rami

plexus

_____ plexus has roots C1-C4

cervical

_____ plexus has roots C5-T1

brachial

each of the 12 ventral rami in the thoracic form ______ nerves to innervate both an intercostal dermatome and intercostal muscles in the same place

intercostal

____ contributes to the brachial plexus and the 1st intercostal nerve

_____ nerves are a single recurrent nerve branch off proximally to the meninges and connective tissues to the IV joint including PLL and ALL

recurrent meninges

recurrent meningeal branches off to innervate ______-

1/3 of the annulus

what nerve is formed by C1 and is the primary motor and supplies all the subocciptal muscles

subocciptal nerve

what nerve is a branch from the posterior root of C3 and provides cutaneous sensation to a small portion of the scalp and C2/C3

3rd occipital nerve

what is the largest dorsal rami and innervates local muscles

what nerve is C2/C3 and is the main nerve in the occipital area, is sensory to the scalp region and contributes the CV headaches and migraines this nerve also pierces and cuts through the semispinalis capitis

greater occipital nerve

T/F the action of a muscle in the axial skeleton depends on the degree of fixation and stabilization of the attachments of the muscle

TRUE

bilateral activation usually produces pure ____ and _____

flexion and extension

T/F unilateral activation tends to produce flexion and extension with a combination of side bending and ipsilateral or contralateral rotation

true

name ALL the erector spine muscles that are superficial

1. iliocostalis thoracics 2. iliocostalis cervicics 3. longissiumus thoracic 4. longissimus capitis 5. longissimus cervicis 6. spinalis thoracics 7. spinalis cervicics 8. spinalis capitis

name the transverspinalis (intermediate) muscles and the short segment (deep muscles)

1. semispinalis thoracics 2. semispinalis cervicis 3. semispinalis capitis 4. multifidi 5. rotators short segment 6. interspinalis 7. intertransverse

origin and insertion for SCM

origin- manubrium and clavicle insertion - mastoid process innervation - CN 6 abducens action - SB, contralateral rotation and flexion

origin and insertion for scalenes

origin- 1st rib insertion - TP of C3-C6 action - lift 1st rib and ipsilateral SB

what plexus runs between SCM and scalenes?

brachial between anterior and middle

what is the main role of the Longus capitis and Longus coli?

vertical stability

where are the splenius capitis and cervicis location and what "pull" do they have on the cervical vertebrae?

unilateral - SB and Ipsilateral RT bilateral - ext upper craniovertebral joint deep to the trap muscles

what musculature gets strained in forward head posture or restraining motion (aka car accident)

semispinalis capitis, scm, ant scalenes, levator scap, RCPmajor