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Biomechanics > Biomechanics Exam 2 > Flashcards

Biomechanics Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

If a muscle is on the anterior side what motion will occur?

A

flexion

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2
Q

If a muscle is on the posterior side what motion will occur?

A

extension

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3
Q

What is the primary flexor of the elbow?

A

brachialis

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4
Q

What is the function of the elbow?

A

assists shoulder in application of force and controlling of hand in space

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5
Q

What bone of the elbow is much larger proximally?

A

Ulna

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6
Q

What bone of the elbow is much larger distally?

A

Radius

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7
Q

What is within the capsule of the elbow but not part of the elbow joint

A

radio-ulnar joint

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8
Q

Where two bones meet (articulate)

A

Joints

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9
Q

What are the two mechanical functions of Joints?

A

join bones while controlling motion; transfer force between bones

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10
Q

What joints are immovable; synarthrodial and joined by fibrous connective tissue

A

Fibrous (sutures and syndesmoses)

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11
Q

What joints are slightly moveable; amphiarthrodial and joined by cartilaginous tissue

A

cartilaginous

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12
Q

What joints are freely moveable; diarthrodial and joined by ligaments and separated by a joint cavity

A

synovial

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13
Q

Six types of Synovial Joints

A

Gliding, Hinge, Ball and Socket, Ellipsoidal, Pivot, Saddle

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14
Q

What type of joint has a flat and small articulation

A

Gliding

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15
Q

How many degrees of freedom is a gliding joint

A

1 DF

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16
Q

What type of joint articulation resembles a pin or cylinder on one bone fitting into a matching shallow trough on the other

A

Pivot

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17
Q

How many degrees of freedom is a pivot joint

A

1 DF

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18
Q

What type of joint articulation has a round cylinder on one bone fitting into a matching shallow trough on the other

A

Hinge

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19
Q

How many degrees of freedom is a hinge joint

A

1 DF

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20
Q

What type of joint has a articulation that resembles an ellipse on one bone fitting into an oval depression on the other

A

Ellipsodial

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21
Q

How many degrees of freedom is an ellipsoidal joint

A

2 DF

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22
Q

What type of joint has an articulation that resembles a pair of saddles at 90 degree angles

A

Saddle

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23
Q

How many degrees of freedom is a saddle joint

A

2 DF

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24
Q

What type of joint has an articulation that resembles a ball and socket

A

ball and socket

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25
Q

How many degrees of freedom is a ball and socket joint

A

3 DF

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26
Q

What has a sleeve like articular capsule that surrounds a joint cavity

A

synovial joints

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27
Q

What reduces friction, increases stability and reduces pressure on the bone ends

A

synovial joints

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28
Q

Tighter bone to bone fit increases what

A

shear stability; determined by shapes of articulating bones and cartilage support

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29
Q

Tensile forces of muscle and ligaments increase what

A

traction stability; line of pull tends to pull bones together

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30
Q

Factor of shape and bony structure

A

type of joint and structure of bones

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31
Q

Factor of ligament arrangements

A

join bone to bone, check movement at normal limits of joints

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32
Q

Factor of muscular contributions

A

Muscles span. joints, and aid in stability

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33
Q

Factor of fascia and skin

A

if permanently stretched, function changes

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34
Q

Factor of atmospheric pressure

A

negative pressure in a joint forms a vacuum and this suction helps prevent dislocation

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35
Q

Frontal Plane

A

Plane running side to side and anterior and posterior

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36
Q

Sagital Plane

A

Divides body into left and right

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37
Q

Longitudinal axis

A

line running superior to inferior

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38
Q

Transverse plane

A

divides the body into inferior/superior portions

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39
Q

Anteroposterior axis

A

line perpendicular to the frontal plane

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40
Q

Transverse Axis

A

line running left to right

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41
Q

What muscle has the ability to raise and control trunk over limbs

A

gluteus maximus

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42
Q

What muscle has the ability to balance on one leg

A

hip abductors- gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

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43
Q

What is the lower limbs connected to each other and the trunk by

A

pelvic girdle

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44
Q

What complex is important to evaluate movement actions of the limbs, pelvis and trunk to understand lower extremity functions

A

The pelvic and hip complex

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45
Q

Movements of the pelvis are described by monitoring the ilium specifically where

A

anterior superior iliac spine

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46
Q

Forward tilting and downward movement of the pelvis; occurs when the hip extends

A

anterior tilt

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47
Q

tilting of the pelvis posteriorly; occurs when the hip flexes

A

posterior tilt

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48
Q

tilting of the pelvis from neutral position to the right or left

A

lateral tilt

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49
Q

What tilt tends to occur naturally when you support your weight on your leg

A

lateral tilt

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50
Q

What tilt allows you to raise your opposite leg enough to swing through during gait; occurs with abduction

A

lateral tilt

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51
Q

rotation of the pelvis defined by the direction in which the anterior aspect of the pelvis moves

A

pelvic rotation

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52
Q

what rotation occurs naturally during unilateral leg movements

A

pelvic rotation

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53
Q

what rotation occurs as the right leg swings forward during gait and the pelvis rotates left

A

pelvic rotation

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54
Q

If the angle of inclination is less than 125 degrees

A

coxa vara

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55
Q

shortening of the limb, increasing the effectiveness of the abductors, reducing the load on the femoral head and increase the load on the femoral neck

A

coxa vara

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56
Q

If the angle of inclination is greater than 125 degrees it is termed

A

coxa valga

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57
Q

Lengthening of the limbs, reducing the effectiveness of the abductors, increase the load on the femoral head and reducing the load on the femoral neck

A

coxa valga

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58
Q

A condition in which the femoral neck leans forward with respect to the rest of the femur; causing leg to rotate internally

A

femoral anteversion

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59
Q

Anteversion

A

rotated foward

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60
Q

Retroversion

A

rotated backward

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61
Q

angle of anteversion

A

angle of the femoral neck in the transverse plane

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62
Q

In order to keep the head of the femur within the acetabulum a person must

A

internally rotate the femur

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63
Q

In a closed kinetic chain motion of the pelvis

A

the elevated side adduction and lowered side abduction

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64
Q

In open kinetic chain motion

A

both sides are free to move; a lateral tilt can substitute for abduction

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65
Q

In open kinetic chain in the transverse plane when the pelvis rotates over the femur what happens

A

the hip on the forward side is laterally rotated, and the hip on the opposite side is medially rotated

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66
Q

Extension of the hip tends to what

A

laterally rotate the femur so medial rotators needed to neutralize this effect

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67
Q

Is medial or lateral rotation weaker

A

medial

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68
Q

What is a natural movement in human gait to accommodate pelvic rotation

A

lateral rotation

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69
Q

Largest joint in the body that bears the most weight

A

knee

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70
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint

A

modified hinge joint- 3 DF

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71
Q

Sagital Plane is responsible for what type of movements

A

flexion and extension

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72
Q

Frontal plane is responsible for

A

ab/adduction

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73
Q

Transverse

A

internal and external rotation

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74
Q

Medial articular surfaces has

A

more force, lower stress

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75
Q

Lateral articular surfaces

A

flatter; matches femur

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76
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone that embedded in patella tendon

A

patella

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77
Q

Two major functions of the patella

A

reduces friction between tendon and femur; mechanical advantage for the quads

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78
Q

The meniscus functions

A

stabilization, shock absorption, lubrication

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79
Q

Meniscus stabilization

A

deepens tibial plateau

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80
Q

Meniscus shock absorption

A

prevents bone on bone contact

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81
Q

removal of meniscus

A

increases wear; increases risk of degenerative disease

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82
Q

lubrication of the meniscus

A

decreases friction by 20%

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83
Q

Lateral meniscus

A

O shaped; not attached to LCL

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84
Q

Medial meniscus

A

C shaped; attached to MCL

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85
Q

LCL and MCL control what

A

tibial rotation; AP tibial displacement; frontal plane motion

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86
Q

ACL controls

A

anterior motion of tibia; posterior motion of the femur

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87
Q

PCL controls

A

posterior motion of the tibia; anterior motion of the femur

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88
Q

What is the mechanical advantage of the quads

A

without the patella, need 30% more force to rotate the same direction

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89
Q

If proximal and distal patellofemoral joint is not equal

A

anterior knee pain and abnormal tracking

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90
Q

Patellar tilt

A

line through patella and line on condyles

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91
Q

sulcus angle

A

angle of femoral sulcus to epicondlyes

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92
Q

In the sagital plane the tibiofemoral joint can experience

A

hyperextension

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93
Q

Tibiofemoral joint in the frontal plane

A

some degree of varus/valgus

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94
Q

Full extension

A

no transverse motion

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95
Q

initial flexion

A

knee unlocks

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96
Q

Q angle

A

angle quadriceps to patella tendon

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97
Q

Increased Q angle means

A

increased lateral patella force

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98
Q

The ankle and the foot perform three main functions

A

shock absorption as the heel strikes the ground; adapting to the level or uneven ground; providing a stable base of support from which to propel the body foward

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99
Q

Uniaxial hinge joints of the foot

A

dorsiflexion; plantarflexion; center of rotation through malleoli

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100
Q

Ankle motion in the sagittal plane

A

dorsi/plantar flexion

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101
Q

Ankle motion in the frontal plane

A

eversion/inversion

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102
Q

Ankle movement in the transverse plane

A

ab/adduction

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103
Q

Pronation occurs in all three planes of the foot; what are the motions

A

eversion, abduction and dorsiflexion

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104
Q

Supination occurs in all three planes; what are the motions

A

inversion, adduction and plantarflexion

105
Q

During pronation the axes of the midtarsals are parallel which unlocks what

A

the joint and creates a hyper-mobile foot that can absorb shock

106
Q

During supnation are the axes parallel?

A

they are not parallel and this joint becomes locked allowing efficient transmission of forces

107
Q

Metatarsophalangeal joints do what motions

A

flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

108
Q

What is the point of reference for ab/adduction

A

the 2nd toe

109
Q

IP, PIP, DIP joints do what motions

A

flexion and extension

110
Q

arches of the foot

A

medial longitudinal arch; lateral longitudinal arch; transverse arch

111
Q

Arch types

A

high arches/ pes cavus
flat footed / pes planus

112
Q

High arched, rigid feet make what shock absorbers

A

poor

113
Q

Flat footed, flexible arches allow

A

excessive pronation

114
Q

Anterior compartments of the ankle and foot

A

all 4 muscles are innervated by the same nerve; all 4 muscles perform dorsiflexion as one of their primary actions

115
Q

What are the primary inverters of the leg/foot

A

tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior

116
Q

Extrinsic muscles of ankle and foot

A

both muscles perform eversion as one of their primary actions

117
Q

Primary evertors of the foot and ankle

A

peroneus brevis and peroneus longus

118
Q

Posterior compartment of foot and ankle

A

all muscles of the perform plantarflexion

119
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the ankle and foot

A

stabilize the foot and support the arches to maintain foot structure

120
Q

Most intrinsic muscles are located where

A

plantar surface and their primary action is to move the digits of the foot

121
Q

The shoulder is required for our hands to perform what kin of skills

A

intricate gross/ fine skills

122
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder

A

modified ball and socket- most mobile joint in the body

123
Q

frontal plane shoulder motion

A

plane of elevation

124
Q

transverse plan shoulder movement

A

internal/external rotation

125
Q

What increased ROM of the shoulder

A

clavicle

126
Q

Basic Joints of the Shoulder

A

sternoclavicular; acromioclavicular; scapulothoracic; glenohumeral

127
Q

Sternoclavicular Joint is what type of joint

A

biaxial saddle joint

128
Q

What is the only joint to link axial skeleton in shoulder

A

sternoclavicualr joint

129
Q

SC joint motions Sagittal

A

rotation about ML axis; anterior rotation and posterior rotation

130
Q

SC joint motions frontal

A

rotation about the AP axis; elevation and depression

131
Q

SC joint motions transverse

A

rotation about the longitudinal axis; protraction and retraction

132
Q

Acromioclavicalr joint

A

acromion of scapula and lateral aspect of clavicle; very frequently injured

133
Q

AC joint motion sagittal

A

rotation about ML axis; anterior tilt and posterior tilt

134
Q

AC joint motion frontal

A

rotation about the AP axis; upward rotation and downward rotation

135
Q

AC joint motion transverse

A

rotation about the longitudinal axis; internal rotation and external rotation

136
Q

Scapulothoracic joint

A

scapula and thorax- shoulder girlde; amplifies motion fo GH joint

137
Q

ST joint sagittal

A

about ML axis; anterior tilt and posterior tilt

138
Q

ST joint frontal

A

upward rotation and downward rotation

139
Q

ST joint transverse

A

internal rotation and external rotation

140
Q

Longitudinal axis

A

elevation and depression

141
Q

Scapular plane

A

abduction and adduction

142
Q

Glenohumeral joint

A

humeral head and shallow glenoid fossa of scapula

143
Q

GH joint is what type of joint

A

modified ball and socket joint designed for mobility and stability

144
Q

GH joint sagittal

A

rotation about ML axis ; flexion and extension

145
Q

GH joint frontal

A

rotation about the AP axis; abduction and adduction

146
Q

GH joint transverse

A

rotation about the longitudinal axis; internal rotation and external rotation

147
Q

Scapular elevation

A

upward/superior motion; shrugging

148
Q

Scapular depression

A

downward/infeiror motion ; return to normal postion

149
Q

Scapular protraction

A

lateral motions; scapula away from spine

150
Q

Scapular retraction

A

medial motion and scapula towards spine

151
Q

Scapular upward rotation

A

turn glenoid fossa up; inferior angle superolateral from spine

152
Q

Scapular downward rotation

A

retunr glenoid fossa to normal position; inferior angle towards spine

153
Q

GH motion

A

huge mobility, large ROM; poor bony structures; poor ligamentous restraint; scapula/humerus cooperative

154
Q

Motions of of GH include

A

flexion/extension (sagittal)
ab/adduction (frontal)
horizontal ab/adduction (transverse)
external/internal rotation (transverse)

155
Q

Major functions of the spine

A

movement, shock absorption, structural support, protects spinal cord

156
Q

Lumbar spine sagittal plane

A

flexion and extension

157
Q

Lumbar spine frontal plane

A

side bend

158
Q

Lumbar spine transverse plane

A

turn

159
Q

Lumbar spine load bearing capabilities

A

highly vascularized cancellous bone
80-90% compressive load in upright posture
poor load bearing in rotation

160
Q

Purpose of intervertebral discs

A

shock absorption between segments

161
Q

Transverse/ spinous process

A

attachment sites for soft tissue
stability across planes of motion

162
Q

What forms the spinal canal

A

vertebral foramen

163
Q

Intervertebral foramen

A

passage for nerves
10% increase during flexion
10% decrease during extension

164
Q

What determines how much motion in the lumbar spine

A

disc joint

165
Q

What determines the direction of motion in the lumbar spine

A

facet joint

166
Q

What are the major types of spinal ligaments

A

extra-segmental
segmental
regional

167
Q

How do we know what motion each ligament limits?

A

identify location of ligament
identify direction of fibers

168
Q

Three major layers of the anterior longitudinal ligament

A

superficial
intermediate
deep
fibers run parallel to length of spine

169
Q

which direction are ligament fibers strongest

A

parallel

170
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament

A

superficial and deep
runs from axis of head to sacrum
fibers run parallel to length of spine

171
Q

Supraspinous ligament

A

runs from C7 to sacrum
fibers run parallel to length of spine

172
Q

What prevents overall laminae seperation and preserves upright posture and

A

Ligamentum Flavum

173
Q

What prevents spinal cord compression during extension

A

Ligamentum Flavum

174
Q

What prevents excess lumbar flexion

A

interspinous ligament

175
Q

What prevents posterior translation of superior vertebral body

A

interspinous ligament

176
Q

What prevents excess side bending motion of spine

A

intertransverse ligament

177
Q

What stifferns the lumbosacral joint

A

illiolumbar ligament (has 3DF)

178
Q

What is the outer fibrous covering of IVD

A

annulus fibrosus

179
Q

What is the inner gel-like region of IVD

A

nucleus pulposus

180
Q

What is the major load bearing structure for the spinal column

A

IVD

181
Q

What are the deep muscle stabilizers of the L spine

A

transverseus abdominis and multifidus

182
Q

What happens to the IVD during flexion

A

nucleus pulposus shifts posterior and anterior vertebral bodies collapse

183
Q

What happens to the IVD during extension

A

nucleus pulposus shifts anteriorly and posterior vertebral bodies collapse

184
Q

What happens to IVD in side bend

A

nucleus pulposus shifts contralaterally
vertebral body collapses on side of bend

185
Q

What is the weakest motion of the IVD

A

rotation

186
Q

What joints of the lumbar spine limit rotations

A

facet

187
Q

What type of joint is the elbow joint

A

uniaxial synovial hinge joint

188
Q

What joint is responsible for pronation and supination of the forearm

A

radioulnar

189
Q

Flexion ____ angle of elbow

A

decreases

190
Q

Extension _____ angle of elbow

A

increases

191
Q

Pronation is what type of rotation

A

internal

192
Q

Supination is what type of rotation

A

external

193
Q

What ligaments of the elbow resist varus stress

A

lateral/radial collateral ligament

194
Q

What ligaments of the elbow resists valgus stress

A

medial/ulnar collateral ligament

195
Q

What is tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)

A

causes pain on the outside of the elbow; extensor tendon inflammation; overuse of wrist extension

196
Q

What is golfer’s elbow (medial epicondylitis)

A

causes pain on the inside of the elbow; flexor tendon inflammation; overuse of wrist flexion

197
Q

What is Tommy John Surgery

A

ulnar collateral ligament; overuse of valgus force (throwing)

198
Q

Anterior muscles are used in what motions

A

flexion and pronation

199
Q

What is monoarticular muscle

A

muscle that crosses one joint

200
Q

What is biarticular muscle

A

muscles that cross two joints

201
Q

Example of biarticualr muscle

A

biceps brachii cross the shoulder and elbow
flexes elbow
flexes the shoulder

202
Q

What is the primary flexor of the elbow

A

brachialis

203
Q

Is the biceps brachii effective when pronated

A

NO

204
Q

Flexors are ___ as extensors making us better pullers than pushers

A

twice as strong

205
Q

What muscle in the forearm has the smallest moment arm and poorest mechanical advantage

A

brachialis

206
Q

What muscle of the forearm has the largest cross sectional area and longer moment arm

A

biceps brachii

207
Q

what muscle of the forearm has a smaller cross section area but the longest moment arm and best mechanical advantage

A

brachioradialis

208
Q

What position interferes with the flexion-producing action of the biceps brachii

A

pronated forearm

209
Q

Posterior muscles of the forearm produce what motions

A

extension and supination

210
Q

What muscle has weak flexion of the shoulder joint

A

coracobrachialis and the long head of biceps brachii

211
Q

The long head of the triceps brachii works on shoulder to preform

A

extension and adduction

212
Q

Radioulnar muscles do what type of movement

A

pronation and supination

213
Q

What tolerates load transmission during prehension and closed chain activities

A

the wrist complex

214
Q

What provides a stable base to generate force for grip and prehension

A

the wrist complex

215
Q

Movements of the wrist region

A

flexion, extension, radial and ulnar deviation

216
Q

What is the wrist joint

A

radiocarpal

217
Q

What type of joint is the wrist joint

A

diarthrosis, condyloid, synovial

218
Q

Radial deviation

A

pinky side stays in place

219
Q

Ulnar deviation

A

thumb side stays in place

220
Q

What is the anatomical position

A

standing upright, facing forward, feet aligned with toes, arms hanging straight, palms facing forward with fingers extended

221
Q

Primary motions that occur at the ankle

A

sagittal: dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
frontal: eversion and inversion
transverse: internal and external rotation

222
Q

Primary motions that occur at the knee

A

sagittal: flexion and extension
frontal; varus and valgus
transverse: internal and external rotation

223
Q

Shoulder motion in the transverse plane

A

horizontal ab/adduction and internal and external rotation along the longitudinal axis

224
Q

Shoulder motion in the sagittal plane

A

flexion/extension along ML axis

225
Q

Shoulder motion in the frontal plane

A

ab/adduction along AP axis

226
Q

Elbow motion in sagittal plane

A

flexion/ extension along ML axis

227
Q

Forearm motion in transverse plane

A

supination/pronation along the longitudinal axis

228
Q

Wrist and MCP motion in the sagittal plane

A

flexion/extension along the ML axis

229
Q

Wrist and MCP motion in the frontal plane

A

ulnar/ radial deviation in AP axis

230
Q

Knee motion in the sagittal plane

A

flexion/extension in medial lateral axis

231
Q

Pelvis motion in the sagittal plane

A

anterior/posterior along ML axis

232
Q

Pelvis motion in the frontal plane

A

lateral tilt along the ML axis

233
Q

Motion of the pelvis in the transverse plane

A

rotation along the longitudinal axis

234
Q

Motion of the hip in the sagittal plane

A

flexion/extension along the ML axis

235
Q

Motion of the hip in the frontal plane

A

ab/adduction along AP axis

236
Q

Motion of the hip along the transverse plane

A

horizontal ad/abduction along longitudinal axis- internal rotation

237
Q

Motion of the foot/ankle along the sagittal plane

A

dorsi/plantarflexion along ML axis

238
Q

Motion of the foot/ankle along frontal plane

A

in/eversion along AP axis

239
Q

Motion of the foot/ankle along all three axisis

A

pro/supination along oblique axis

240
Q

Shoulder abduction means what of the shoulder girdle

A

upward rotation

241
Q

Shoulder adduction means what of the shoulder girdle

A

downward rotation

242
Q

Shoulder flexion means what of the shoulder girdle

A

elevation/upward rotation

243
Q

Shoulder extension means what of the shoulder girdle

A

depression/downward rotation

244
Q

Shoulder internal rotation means what of the shoulder girlde

A

abduction (protraction)

245
Q

Shoulder external rotation means what of the shoulder girdle

A

adduction (retraction)

246
Q

Shoulder horizontal abduction means what of the shoulder girdle

A

adduction (retraction)

247
Q

Shoulder horizontal adduction means what of the shoulder girdle

A

abduction (protraction)

248
Q

Open kinetic chain example of the ankle

A

dorsiflexion and plantar-flexion in sagittal plane- tibia and foot can move-

249
Q

Closed kinetic chain example of the ankle

A

foot is fixed and cannot move, remaining in constant contact with a surface, usually the ground- tibia is coming forward

250
Q

Open kinetic chain of hip

A

pelvis moves forward

251
Q

Closed kinetic chain of hip

A

pelvis moves backwards

252
Q

Moment arm is longer torque is?

A

greater, greater mechanical advantage

253
Q

Moment arm is shorter torque is?

A

smaller, smaller mechanical advantage

254
Q

Being BIPEDAL means what

A

helps to put feet one in front of the other

255
Q

Motive force is typically ____ on initial phase and _____ on return phase

A

muscle; gravity

256
Q

Resistive force is typically ___ on initial phase and ____ on return phase

A

gravity muscle

257
Q

When the motive force is a muscle and the resistance force is gravity what contraction is occurring

A

concentric

258
Q

When the motive force is gravity and the resistive force is the muscle what type of contraction is it

A

eccentric

Biomechanics (3 decks)

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