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Kines 101 - Biomechanics Exam > Biomechanics Exam > Flashcards

Biomechanics Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Eadward Muybridge

A

-nature photographer
-developed techniques for photographing humans and animals in motion

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2
Q

Kinematics

A

branch of mechanics that deals with the description of motion

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3
Q

Kinetics

A

branch of mechanics that deals with the description of motions together with forces

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4
Q

Displacement vs time: if slope = 0 then, Instantaneous velocity = ___

A

0

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5
Q

Displacement vs time: if slope = + then, Instantaneous velocity = ___

A

+

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6
Q

Displacement vs time: if slope = - then, Instantaneous velocity = ___

A

-

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7
Q

Andreas Vesalius

A

-founder of modern human anatomy
-found no holes in the heart between ventricles
-discovered that the mandible is a single bone

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8
Q

Henry Grey

A

-published grey anatomy in 1858

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9
Q

Guillaume Duchenne

A

-developed electrodes placed on the surface of the skin

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10
Q

Muscles only ___, never ___

A

pull, push

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11
Q

Trabecular bone

A

-cancellous bone
-spongy bone

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12
Q

Compact bone

A

-cortical bone
-solid, dense bone

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13
Q

In long bones, the epiphysis is/are the ___ and contains ___ bone

A

ends, trabecular

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14
Q

In long bones, the diaphysis is/are the ___ and contains ___ bone

A

middle, compact

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15
Q

Fibrous joints

A

-connected by dense connective tissue
-ex. skull sutures

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16
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

-connected by cartilage
-ex. pubic symphysis

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17
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • ball and socket, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle
    -free moving
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18
Q

Unit for force

A

Newton (N)

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19
Q

External forces

A

forces that act on a body from outside of that body

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20
Q

Internal forces

A

forces applied entirely within a body or a system of bodies

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21
Q

Tension

A

internal parts are in “this” when pulled apart

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22
Q

Compression

A

internal parts are in “this” when pushed together

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23
Q

Stiffness

A

resistance to deformation for a given applied load

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24
Q

Strength

A

ability to withstand an applied stress without failure

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25
Q

Origin

A

proximal attachment

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26
Q

insertion

A

distal attachment

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27
Q

tendon

A

passively resists applied stretch: made primarily of collagen fibers

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28
Q

Order of microscopic structure from smallest to biggest

A

myofibril - fiber - fascicle - muscle

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29
Q

Contractile proteins

A

actin and myosin

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30
Q

isometric

A

muscle stays the same length

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31
Q

concentric

A

muscle shortens

32
Q

eccentric

A

muscle lengthens

33
Q

Newtons first law

A

-law of inertia
-bodies remain at rest of in uniform motion (constant velocity) until acted upon by unbalanced forces
-forces acting on a body in equilibrium are completely balanced (net force is zero)

34
Q

Newtons second law

A

-law of acceleration
-net force is applied to a body is proportional to the resulting acceleration

35
Q

Newtons third law

A

-law of reaction
-for evert action there is an equal and opposite reaction

36
Q

No displacement = no ___

A

work

37
Q

work

A

done only when a force acts through a displacement

38
Q

Positive work

A

force and displacement in the same direction

39
Q

negative work

A

force and displacement in different directions

40
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to do work

41
Q

Unit for work and energy

A

joule

42
Q

Power

A

rate at which energy is produced or work is done

43
Q

angular position

A

Units: degrees
symbol: theta

44
Q

angular velocity

A

units: degrees/sec
symbol: lowercase omega

45
Q

angular acceleration

A

units: degrees/sec/sec
symbol: alpha

46
Q

Moment

A

the moment of a force causes rotation

47
Q

Moment units

A

Newton meter (N m)

48
Q

< moment of inertia = ___ resistance to rotation

A

<

49
Q

Torque

A

-produced when two equal and opposite forces act on a body
-the forces do not act along a line
-net force I zero but rotation occurs

50
Q

> moment of inertia = ___ resistance to rotation

A

>

51
Q

Moment of inertia

A

resistance to rotation

52
Q

Human body is___ rigid and ___ change shape

A

not, can

53
Q

Changing the distance of a small mass to farther away from the rotational axis ___ moment of inertia

A

increases

54
Q

deg –> rad =

A

180/pi

55
Q

rad –> deg =

A

pi/180

56
Q

Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

A

-father of modern biomechanics
-detailed descriptions of levers in the musculoskeletal system

57
Q

typical adult stride length

A

1.5m or 4.9 ft

58
Q

typical adult walking speed

A

1.5 m/s

59
Q

left heel contacts the ground at ___%

A

50%

60
Q

stance phase = ___%

A

60%

61
Q

swing phase = ___%

A

40%

62
Q

left foot ground contact

A

0-10, 50-100

63
Q

right foot ground contact

A

0-60

64
Q

double contact periods

A

0-10, 50-60

65
Q

Ground reaction force - vertical

A

-normal force
-“doble bump” pattern
-weight acceptance and push-off
-ground pushes up

66
Q

ground reaction force - horizontal

A

-tangential force
-symmetrical
-first pushes back on foot, then forward
-ground pushes back, then forward

67
Q

rate of energy consumption

A

-increases with increasing speed
-no minimum

68
Q

Energetic cost

A

-high for low and high speeds
-minimum at v = 80 m/min, a comfortable walking speed

69
Q

running faster ___ increase energetic cost

A

does not

70
Q

Anthropometry

A

science that deals with the size, proportions, and composition of the human body

71
Q

Anthropometric measures

A

-stadiometers
-scales
-tape measures
-calipers

72
Q

body mass index

A

mass (in kg) / square of heigh (in m)

73
Q

Endomorphy

A

“fatness”

74
Q

Ectomorphy

A

“slimness”

75
Q

Mesomorphy

A

“muscularity”

76
Q

Somatotypes

A

body types (endomorphy, ectomorphy, mesomorphy)

Kines 101 - Biomechanics Exam (1 decks)

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