- ball and socket, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle -free moving

Biomechanics Exam Flashcards by Madison Wenger

Eadward Muybridge

-nature photographer
-developed techniques for photographing humans and animals in motion

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Kinematics

branch of mechanics that deals with the description of motion

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Kinetics

branch of mechanics that deals with the description of motions together with forces

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Displacement vs time: if slope = 0 then, Instantaneous velocity = ___

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Displacement vs time: if slope = + then, Instantaneous velocity = ___

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Displacement vs time: if slope = - then, Instantaneous velocity = ___

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Andreas Vesalius

-founder of modern human anatomy
-found no holes in the heart between ventricles
-discovered that the mandible is a single bone

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Henry Grey

-published grey anatomy in 1858

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Guillaume Duchenne

-developed electrodes placed on the surface of the skin

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Muscles only ___, never ___

pull, push

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Trabecular bone

-cancellous bone
-spongy bone

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Compact bone

-cortical bone
-solid, dense bone

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In long bones, the epiphysis is/are the ___ and contains ___ bone

ends, trabecular

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In long bones, the diaphysis is/are the ___ and contains ___ bone

middle, compact

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Fibrous joints

-connected by dense connective tissue
-ex. skull sutures

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Cartilaginous joints

-connected by cartilage
-ex. pubic symphysis

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Synovial joints

ball and socket, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle
-free moving

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Unit for force

Newton (N)

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External forces

forces that act on a body from outside of that body

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Internal forces

forces applied entirely within a body or a system of bodies

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Tension

internal parts are in “this” when pulled apart

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Compression

internal parts are in “this” when pushed together

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Stiffness

resistance to deformation for a given applied load

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Strength

ability to withstand an applied stress without failure

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Origin

proximal attachment

insertion

distal attachment

tendon

passively resists applied stretch: made primarily of collagen fibers

Order of microscopic structure from smallest to biggest

myofibril - fiber - fascicle - muscle

Contractile proteins

actin and myosin

isometric

muscle stays the same length

concentric

muscle shortens

eccentric

muscle lengthens

Newtons first law

-law of inertia -bodies remain at rest of in uniform motion (constant velocity) until acted upon by unbalanced forces -forces acting on a body in equilibrium are completely balanced (net force is zero)

Newtons second law

-law of acceleration -net force is applied to a body is proportional to the resulting acceleration

Newtons third law

-law of reaction -for evert action there is an equal and opposite reaction

No displacement = no ___

work

done only when a force acts through a displacement

Positive work

force and displacement in the same direction

negative work

force and displacement in different directions

Energy

the capacity to do work

Unit for work and energy

joule

Power

rate at which energy is produced or work is done

angular position

Units: degrees symbol: theta

angular velocity

units: degrees/sec symbol: lowercase omega

angular acceleration

units: degrees/sec/sec symbol: alpha

Moment

the moment of a force causes rotation

Moment units

Newton meter (N m)

< moment of inertia = ___ resistance to rotation

Torque

-produced when two equal and opposite forces act on a body -the forces do not act along a line -net force I zero but rotation occurs

> moment of inertia = ___ resistance to rotation

Moment of inertia

resistance to rotation

Human body is___ rigid and ___ change shape

not, can

Changing the distance of a small mass to farther away from the rotational axis ___ moment of inertia

increases

deg --> rad =

180/pi

rad --> deg =

pi/180

Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

-father of modern biomechanics -detailed descriptions of levers in the musculoskeletal system

typical adult stride length

1.5m or 4.9 ft

typical adult walking speed

1.5 m/s

left heel contacts the ground at ___%

50%

stance phase = ___%

60%

swing phase = ___%

40%

left foot ground contact

0-10, 50-100

right foot ground contact

0-60

double contact periods

0-10, 50-60

Ground reaction force - vertical

-normal force -"doble bump" pattern -weight acceptance and push-off -ground pushes up

ground reaction force - horizontal

-tangential force -symmetrical -first pushes back on foot, then forward -ground pushes back, then forward

rate of energy consumption

-increases with increasing speed -no minimum

Energetic cost

-high for low and high speeds -minimum at v = 80 m/min, a comfortable walking speed

running faster ___ increase energetic cost

does not

Anthropometry

science that deals with the size, proportions, and composition of the human body

Anthropometric measures

-stadiometers -scales -tape measures -calipers

body mass index

mass (in kg) / square of heigh (in m)

Endomorphy

"fatness"

Ectomorphy

"slimness"

Mesomorphy

"muscularity"

Somatotypes

body types (endomorphy, ectomorphy, mesomorphy)