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Biomechanics > Biomechanics Exam 1 > Flashcards

Biomechanics Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Position

A
  • erect standing position with all body parts forward
  • starting point for movement
  • palms supinated, feet + hips shoulder width apart, erect
  • problem: doesn’t represent majority of how we start movement
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2
Q

Superior

A

Close to the head

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3
Q

Inferior

A

Farther from head

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4
Q

Anterior

A

Toward front of body

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5
Q

Posterior

A

Toward back of body

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6
Q

Medial

A

Toward midline

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7
Q

Lateral

A

Away from midline

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8
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to trunk

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9
Q

Distal

A

Farther from trunk

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10
Q

Superficial

A

Toward surface of body

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11
Q

Deep

A

Inside body

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12
Q

Sagittal Plane

A
  • forward of backward movement

- flexion, extension, hyperextension, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion

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13
Q

Frontal plane

A
  • abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, elevation, depression, inversion, eversion, radial + ulnar deviation
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14
Q

Transverse plane

A
  • left + right rotation, horizontal abduction + adduction, medial + lateral rotation, internal + external rotation, supination + pronation
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15
Q

Linear Motion

A

motion along a line

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16
Q

Rectilinear

A

motion along a straight line; sprint

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17
Q

Curvilinear

A

motion along a curved line; running around a track

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18
Q

Angular motion

A

rotation around an axis; discus, hammer throw

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19
Q

General motion

A

combination of linear and angular motion; includes most human motion

ie: walking across room in straight line = rectilinear (pathway) + angular (joint movement)

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20
Q

Mechanical system

A
  • body or portion of body that is deliberately chosen by analyst
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21
Q

Mass (m)

A
  • quantity of matter composing a body

- kg

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22
Q

Inertia

A
  • tendancy to resist change in state of motion
  • stationary or dynamic
  • proportional to mass
  • no units
23
Q

Force

A
  • push or pull; internal or external
  • linear
  • characterized by magnitude, direction, and point of application
  • F = ma (mass x acceleration)
  • Newton (N)
24
Q

Free body diagram

A
  • diagram showing vector representations of all forces acting in a defined system
  • magnitude = length of vectors
  • direction = way arrow points
  • point of application = arrow points to
  • ball example: see notes
25
Q

Net Force

A
  • single resultant force derived from the vector composition of all the acting forces
  • the force that demonstrates the net effect of all acting forces on a body
  • the answer
26
Q

Torque

A
  • the rotary effect of a force
  • it is a force
  • angular equivalent of force
  • aka moment of force
  • torque = force (rotational = linear)
  • T = Fd (force x perpendicular distance)
  • Nm
  • what joint is rotating? the, what muscle generates that force?
27
Q

Center of gravity

A
  • point around which a body’s weight is equally balanced in all directions
  • serves as index of total body motion
  • point at which the weight vector acts
  • dictates where body goes
28
Q

Weight

A
  • attractive forces the earth exerts on body
  • weight = mag (product of mass x acceleration of gravity)
  • N
  • weight is a force
29
Q

Pressure

A
  • force per unit of area over which the force acts
  • gasses or liquids
  • commonly used to describe force distribution w/in a fluid or gas (bp, water pressure)
  • N/m2 (Newton’s per meters squared)
30
Q

Stress

A
  • force per unit of area over which the force acts
  • commonly used to describe force distribution w/in a solid
  • N/m2
  • ie: high heels vs. tennis shoes
31
Q

Volume

A
  • space required by a body
  • has 3 dimensions: width, height, depth
  • m3 and cm3
32
Q

Density

A
  • mass per unit of volume
  • represented by greek letter rho (p)
  • kg/m3
  • ie: softball vs wiffleball - same volume, but masses different
33
Q

Specific weight

A
  • weight per unit of volume
  • represented by greek letter gamma (y)
  • N/m3
34
Q

Impulse

A
  • product of force and the time over which the force acts

- Ns

35
Q

Compression

A
  • pressing or squeezing force directed axially through a body
36
Q

Tension

A
  • pulling or stretching force directed axially through body
37
Q

Shear

A
  • force directed parallel to a surface

- sliding

38
Q

Bending

A
  • asymmetric loading that produces tension on one side of a body’s longitudinal axis and compression on the other
39
Q

Torsion

A
  • load producing twisting of a body around its longitudinal axis
40
Q

Deformation

A
  • change in shape
  • get this through loading:
    • elastic region: low load; structure goes back to natural shape
    • yield point: more permanent deformation; not completely irreversible
    • ultimate failure point: structure lost all structural integrity
  • yield point and ultimate failure point apart of plastic region
41
Q

Repetitive loading

A
  • repeated application of a subacute load that is usually low magnitude
  • ie: marathon runners; stress fx
42
Q

Acute loading

A
  • application of a single force of a sufficient magnitude to cause injury to a tissue
43
Q

Loading

A
  • likelihood of injury shrinks with very high loads and highly frequent low level loads
  • likelihood of injury highest w/ medium loading at medium frequency
  • includes: compression, tension, shear, bending, torsion, deformation
44
Q

Vector algebra

A
  • vector composition: process of determining a single vector from two or more vectors by addition
  • 2 vectors in same direction added
  • 2 vectors in opposite direction are subtracted
  • tip-to-tail method
    vector resolution: operation that produces a single vector w/ two perpendicular vectors such that the vector composition of the two perpendicular vectors yields the original vectors
45
Q

Linear Kinematics

A
  • form, pattern, or sequencing of movement w/ respect to time
  • the appearance of motion
46
Q

Linear displacement

A
  • change in location
  • directed distance from initial to final location
  • the vector equivalent of linear distance ( even if path is nonlinear)
  • cm,m,km
  • can be the same or di from distance
47
Q

Linear velocity

A
  • rate of change in location
  • velocity = displacement/time or v=d/t
  • vector equivalent of linear speed
  • m/s
  • see diagram in notes (velocity on y axis) (uses tip to tail method)
48
Q

Acceleration

A
  • rate of change in linear velocity
  • acceleration = change in velocity/time or a=v2-v1/t
  • m/s
  • may be positive, negative, or equal to 0 based on the direction of change in velocity
49
Q

Projectile

A
  • a body in free fall that is subject only to gravity and air resistance forces
  • external (ball) or body (jumping)
  • vertical component influenced by gravity and the horizontal is not
  • affected by flight path (ball that is dropped vs rolled)
  • pattern of change in vertical velocity of projectile is symmetrical about the apex
  • other affecting factors: projection angle, mass, force
50
Q

Gravity

A
  • produces a constant acceleration of -9.81 m/s2
51
Q

Projection angle

A
  • direction of projection w/ respect to the horizontal
  • depends on distance you want object to go
  • max height will decrease w/ increased projectile distance at same projection speed
52
Q

Projection speed

A
  • magnitude of projection velocity
53
Q

Relative projection height

A
  • the difference between projection height and landing height
  • ie: pole vaulting, uneven bars, vault

Biomechanics (1 decks)

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