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PTRS 845 Midterm > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Location: Where the following can be palpated

  1. Spinous Process
  2. Transverse Process
  3. Facets Joints
  4. Vertebral bodies
A
  1. C/T/L-Spine
  2. C/T-Spine
  3. C/T/L-Spine
  4. C-Spine
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2
Q

Term: Area bridging the superior and inferior articular processes

A

Pars Interarticularis

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3
Q

Functions: Pars Interarticularis

A

Important for load transfer

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4
Q

2 Types of Joints in the Spine

A
  1. Facet Joints (posterior column)
  2. Intervertebral (anterior column)
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5
Q

Term: a disc, 2 vertebral bodies, 2 facet joints, and surrounding soft tissue

A

Motion segment

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6
Q

Term: The gliding movement of one vertebra across the surface of the other

A

Translation

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7
Q

Spinal Ligament:

  • Entire length of spine anterior to vertebral bodies
  • Prevenets hyperextension
  • Innervated with sensory nerves
A

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

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8
Q

Attachment: Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

A

Attached more to vertebral bodies than discs

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9
Q

Bulging Disc: Less common and less painful

A

Anterior Disc Bulge

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10
Q

Spinal Ligament:

  • Runs the entire length of the spine
  • Fans out across discs
  • Prevents posterior disc protrusion
A

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

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11
Q

Attachment: Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

A

Attached primarily to discs, not bodies

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12
Q

Spinal Ligament:

  • Covers posterior neural arch and 2 lamina
  • Yellow in appearance (due to being 80% elastin)
  • Protects spinal cord
  • Limits flexion
A

Ligamentum Flavum

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13
Q

Attachment: Ligamentum Flavum

A

Attaches to anterior facet joint

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14
Q

Describe the effect of degenerative changes in ligamentum flavum

A

Degenerative changes lead to decreased elasticity which allows to ligament to buckle and compress the spinal cord roots

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15
Q

Spinal Ligament:

  • Segmental ligament
  • Gives segmental stability
A

Intraspinous ligament

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16
Q

Spinal Ligament:

  • Thick and cord like
  • Has transverse fibers that attach segmentally
  • At greatest risk for injury
A

Supraspinous Ligament

17
Q

Spinal Ligament:

  • Primary ligament of the lumbopelvic region
  • Innervated
  • Potential source of pain
A

Iliolumbar Ligament

18
Q

Attachment: Iliolumbar Ligament

A

From L4 transverse processes/vertebrae to ilium

19
Q

Joint Type: Facet Joint

A

Synovial Joint (Thus can experience arthritic changes and cause pain)

20
Q

Facet Joint Orientation

  1. C-spine
  2. T-spine
  3. L-spine
  4. L5-S1
A
  1. 45 from horizontal
  2. coronal or 90 from horizontal
  3. sagittal
  4. coronal
21
Q

List the planes in amount of rotation allowed (from most to least)

A

Horizontal > Coronal > Sagittal

22
Q

Thoracic Facet Joint Orientation in the Coronal Plane

  1. Upper
  2. Middle
  3. Lower
A
  1. 60
  2. 90
  3. 0
23
Q

Motions Allowed:

  1. C-spine
  2. T-spine
  3. L-spine
A
  1. Some rotation and translation
  2. Allows rotation; prevents AP translation
  3. Allow AP translation; prevents rotation
24
Q

Spinal Segments: Accounts for 50% of rotation in C-spine

A

C1-C2

25
Q

Structure: Defines movement in the spine

A

Top vertebrae

26
Q

Structure: Defines rotation in the spine

A

Anterior vertebral body (spinous process does opposite)

27
Q

Describe the Segmental Motion during Spine Flexion

A

Facets glide superiorly and anteriorly

Anterior sagittal rotation and translation occurs

Foramen and facets are opened

28
Q

Describe the Mechanics of Flexion

A

Abs are used to initiate flexion

Beyond 40 degrees Gravity takes over

The abs no longer need to contract as the passive structures (ligaments, capsules, fascia) support flexion

NO eccentric contraction of extensors

29
Q

Describe the Segmental Motion during Extension

A

Facets glide posterior and inferior

Posterior sagital rotation and minimal translation occurs

Facets close and foramen narrow

30
Q

Describe the Mechanics of Extension

A

Back extensors initiate and maintain extension

Abdominals work eccentrically and aid extensors

31
Q

Describe the effect of lordosis on the facet joints

A

Makes them WB joints

32
Q

Limiters to Rotation:

1st

2nd

3rd

A

1st = contralateral facet closing

2nd = ipsilateral facet overstretching the capsule

3rd = disc

33
Q

Describe the Facet Movement with SB

A

Ipsilateral facet glides inferiorly (extends)

Contralateral facet glides superiorly (flexes)

34
Q

Neutral Spine Coupling: C-spine

A

SB and rotation coupled in SAME direction

35
Q

Neutral Spine Coupling: T-Spine

A

Above T9: SB and rotation coupled in SAME direction

Below T9: SB and rotation coupled in OPPOSITE direction

36
Q

Neutral Spine Coupling: L-Spine

A

SB and rotation coupled in the OPPOSITE direction

37
Q

Flexed/Extended Spine Coupling: L-Spine

A

SB and rotation coupled in the SAME direction

PTRS 845 Midterm (13 decks)

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