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PMP1 Biomechanics > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the term that describes the distance between the heel strike of one limb to the heel strike of the same limb?

A

Stride

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2
Q

What is a heel rocker and during which phase does this occur?

A

Rolls foot into plantarflexion to allow full contact with the ground; contact phase

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3
Q

At contact, the subtalar joint is:

A

supinated and will pronate

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4
Q

Which muscle is involved with in decelerating STJ pronation during the contact phase of gait?

A

tibialis posterior

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5
Q

STJ supination, external leg rotation, and ankle dorsiflexion all occur during which phase of the gait cycle?

A

midstance phase

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6
Q

Digital stability occurs during which phase of the gait cycle?

A

pre-swing phase

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7
Q

For malleolar position, what is the normal angle?

A

20 degrees

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8
Q

For tibial torsion, what is the normal angle?

A

23 degrees

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9
Q

If an axis is 90 degrees to a plane, then all of the motion _________.

A

will be in that plane

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10
Q

If an axis is parallel to a plane, then there will be _________.

A

NO motion in that plane

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11
Q

As axis of motion deviates from a plane, motion in that plane

A

will increase

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12
Q

During CLOSED kinetic chain PRONATION, the talus head will _____ and ______, the calcaneus will _______, and the tibia will ________ rotate.

A

plantarflex & adduct; evert; internally

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13
Q

During OPEN kinetic chain SUPINATION, the foot will _____ and _____, and the calcaneus will ______.

A

plantarflex & adduct, invert

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14
Q

What happens to the hip during development?

A

It begins 60 degrees externally rotated in transverse plane. During development it will internally rotate to ~12 degrees in the transverse plane.

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15
Q

What is femoral anteversion?

A

Too much INTERNAL rotation (internally rotated thigh) which causes IN-TOEING

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16
Q

What causes out-toeing?

A

Femoral retroversion. Femur has too much EXTERNAL rotation

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17
Q

What is coxa valga?

A
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18
Q

What is coxa vara?

A
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19
Q

What is the normal angle of inclination between the head of femur and the neck?

A

125

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20
Q

What is normal tibial torsion during adulthood?

A

18-23 degrees external

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21
Q

What is normal malleolar position?

A

15-20 degrees external (it is 5 degrees less than tibial torsion)

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22
Q
A

Genu valgum

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23
Q
A

Genu varum

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24
Q

What is the Silfverskiold test?

A

Measuring ankle dorsiflexion with knee extended and flexed
Helps determine the type of equinus (gastroc vs other reasons)
Ankle joint dorsiflexion is measured with femoral condyles in the frontal plane, STJ in neutral and midtarsal joint maximally pronated.

25
Q

What are newton’s Laws?

A

Objects maintain motion or rest without force (1st). Force equals mass times acceleration (2nd). Every action has an equal and opposite reaction (3rd).

26
Q

What is normal ROM for the hip?

A

45 internal and external

27
Q

What is normal ROM for ankle?

A

10 degrees past normal for dorsiflexion; 45 for plantarflexion

28
Q

What is normal ROM for STJ?

A

20 degrees inversion, 10 degrees eversion (2/3 inversion, 1/3 eversion)

29
Q

What is normal ROM for 1st ray?

A

5mm both ways

30
Q

What is the Hubscher maneuver?

A

a method of evaluating the flexibility of a pes planus or flat foot type. The test is performed with the patient weight bearing, with the foot flat on the ground, while the clinician dorsiflexes the hallux and watches for an increasing concavity of the Arches of the foot

31
Q

What is the windlass mechanism?

A
32
Q

In a “normal” foot how is the MTJ positioned?

A

maximally pronated in the “locked” position

33
Q

What is the definition of neutral calcaneal stance position?

A

it is the position of the heel compared to the STJ in neutral position

34
Q

What is the calculation used to determine NCSP?

A

STJ neutral position + tibial influence = total rearfoot deformity

35
Q

What is normal NCSP?

A

0

36
Q

Clinically, what does the NCSP tell us?

A

If there is any rearfoot deformity

37
Q

What is the formula for STJ neutral position?

A

[(inv + ev)/3) - ev

38
Q

What is the formula for NCSP?

A

STJ neutral position + TI

39
Q

What is the formula for maximally pronated stance position?

A

TI - STJ eversion

40
Q

Forefoot varus or valgus?

A

Forefoot valgus

41
Q

Forefoot varus or valgus?

A

Forefoot varus

42
Q

What type of pes cavus?

A

Anterior Cavus: Metatarsus

43
Q

What type of pes cavus?

A

Anterior Cavus: Lesser Tarsus

44
Q

What type of pes cavus?

A

Anterior Cavus: Forefoot Cavus

45
Q

What type of cavus?

A

Combined Cavus

46
Q

What type of cavus?

A

Posterior Pes Cavus

47
Q

What is genu recurvatum?

A

Excessive knee extension

48
Q

What is the name of the term which describes limited plantarflexion at the ankle or inadequate dorsiflexion?

A

Ankle equinus

49
Q

What is the difference between forefoot varus vs supinatus?

A

Supinatus is an acquired disorder, versus varus which is congenital. Supinatus is due to soft tissue/muscle.

50
Q

During which phases does of gait does double and single support occur?

A

double support occurs during contact and pre-swing; single is during every other

51
Q

What is ankle rocker and during which phase of gait does it occur?

A

ankle joint allows the tibia to roll forward allowing the shift of weight from behind the ankle to the forefoot; midstance phase

52
Q

What is heel rocker and during which phase of gait does it occur?

A

Rolls foot into plantarflexion so that it is in full contact with the ground. Contact phase.

53
Q

What is base of gait?

A

The horizontal distance from one heel strike to the next heel strike
Average base of gait is 3.5in.

54
Q

What is angle of gait?

A

The angle formed by the longitudinal axis of the foot and the line of progression. It is measured by a line bisecting the center of the heel and the first interspace with the sagittal plane.
Average gait angle is 7 ° abducted per side, or 12-15 degrees total

55
Q

Increased cadence =

A

decreased stance and swing phase

56
Q

What are the two main phases of the gait cycle?

A

Swing phase (40%) and stance phase (60%)

57
Q

What are the phases of the swing phase?

A

Initial 10%
Mid-swing 20%
Terminal 10%

58
Q

What are the phases of the stance phase?

A

Contact 10%
Mid-stance 20%
Active propulsion/terminal 20%
Passive lift-off/pre-swing 10%

59
Q
A

PMP1 Biomechanics (1 decks)

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