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Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Newton’s 1st law of motion (inertia)

A

an object in motion or at rest will stay in motion or at rest unless acted on by an external force

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2
Q

Newton’s 2nd law of motion (acceleration/momentum)

A

force = mass x acceleration (F=ma)

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3
Q

Newton’s 3rd law of motion (action/reaction)

A

For every action there will always be an equal and opposite reaction

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4
Q

Momentum formula

A

Momentum = mass x velocity

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5
Q

what does the principle of conservation of linear momentum state? when does it occur?

A

Principle states the total momentum of two objects before and after impact are equal, this occurs in situations where a perfect elastic collision takes place (no energy is lost to sound and heat)

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6
Q

Impulse, what does it refer to?

A

Impulse = force x time and refers to the change in momentum of an object

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7
Q

coefficient of restitution (COR)

A

The ratio of relative velocity (or height) after impact to the relative velocity (or height) before collision.

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8
Q

COR formula

A

COR = square root of (height bounced divided by height dropped)

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9
Q

concentric force

A

force applied to produce linear motion e.g. hitting a float serve in volleyball

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10
Q

Eccentric force

A

off centre force applied to produce angular motion e.g. hitting a top spin serve in volleyball

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11
Q

Types of forces

A

concentric force and eccentric force

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12
Q

force that creates angular momentum (torque)

A

Caused by the application of an eccentric (off-centre) force

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13
Q

Torque

A

The magnitude of the turning force
torque = Force x Distance (T = F x D)

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14
Q

Angular momentum formula

A

Angular momentum = angular velocity x moment of inertia

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15
Q

Angular velocity

A

the velocity or speed of a rotating object

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16
Q

Moment of inertia (mass of object x radius of rotation)

A

the resistance of a rotating object to change its state of motion

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17
Q

Conservation of angular momentum

A

A spinning body will continue spinning unless an external force acts on it

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18
Q

Levers main parts

A

Weight or resistance to be moved
axis or pivot point
application of force to move the weight or resistance

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19
Q

Lever functions

A

Increase application of force by making the force arm longer than the resistance arm
increase the speed of movement by making the force arm shorter than the resistance arm

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20
Q

Fulcrum/axis

A

point around which the lever rotates

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21
Q

effort/force arm

A

the distance between the fulcrum and the point at which the force is applied

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22
Q

Resistance arm

A

the distance between the fulcrum and the centre of the resistance

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23
Q

Input (effort) force

A

Force exerted on the lever

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24
Q

Output (resistance) force

A

Force exerted by the lever

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25
First class lever
fulcrum is located in the middle of the effort and load
26
Second class lever
Load (resistance) in the middle of the fulcrum and effort
27
Third class lever
Effort (force) in the middle of the fulcrum and load
28
FLE lever acronym
FLE - F - 1st class - Fulcrum in middle - L - 2nd class - Load in middle - E - 3rd class - Effort in middle
29
ARF lever acronym
- A - 1st class - Axis in middle - R - 2nd class - Resistance in middle - F - 3rd class - Force in middle
30
Factors affecting use of levers
- length of lever - inertia of lever - amount of force
31
Length of lever affect on lever use
velocity is greatest at the distal end of the lever longer lever, greater velocity at impact
32
inertia of lever affect on lever use
longer lever = heavier lever meaning more difficult to rotate
33
amount of force affect on lever
determines the length of the lever athlete should use
34
fluid mechanics
the study of forces that develop when an object moves through a fluid medium (either water or air)
35
fluid resistance
as an object moves through a fluid the fluid becomes disturbed the greater disturbance to the fluid, the greater the transfer of energy form object to fluid
36
2 factors affecting fluid resistance
density viscosity
37
density
more dense fluid results in a more disturbed fluid therefore increasing the resistance e.g. humidity
38
viscosity
the more viscous the fluid (internal resistance of a fluid to flow), the more disturbed the fluid becomes therefore increasing resistance e.g. water is more viscous than air so a swimmer will experience more resistance than a runner
39
Types of drag
Form drag surface drag wave drag
40
form drag + factors affecting
the drag created due to a fluid moving over an object resulting in friction between the surface of the body and the fluid - relative velocity of moving object - relative roughness of surface object/surface friction - viscosity of the fluid - surface area of the object
41
form drag (pressure drag) + factors affecting
the drag created by a pressure difference between the front and rear of an object moving through a fluid - cross sectional area (CSA) of the object presented to the fluid - velocity of the object - surface roughness (surface friction) - shape of object
42
wave drag + factors affecting
the drag created by the body at the interface of two fluids interacting whereby waves are created - relative velocity of wave - technique - open water (ocean) vs closed conditions (pool)
43
boundary layer
Thin layer of air surrounding or attached to the ball
44
Laminar
flow characterised by smooth parallel layer of fluid
45
Turbulent
flow characterised by mixing of adjacent fluid layers
46
boundary layer separation
where boundary layer breaks away from ball earlier separation increases pressure gradient between the front and back of the ball, leading to increased drag
47
Turbulent flow characteristics
- high pressure at front of ball - late boundary layer separation - small turbulent pocket (high pressure) at rear of ball)
48
Laminar flow characteristics
- high pressure at front of ball - early boundary layer separation - large turbulent pocket (low pressure) at rear of ball
49
affecting factors of boundary layer separation point
velocity - low velocity results in late separation and minor drag - high velocity results in early separation and increased drag surface roughness - creates turbulent boundary layer, reducing effect of drag - e.g. dimpled vs smooth golf ball
50
factors affecting drag
drag coefficient cross sectional area speed surface roughness mass shape
51
Drag coefficient - factors affecting drag
- measurement used to quantify the drag or resistance of an object on a fluid environment - directly related to cross sectional area
52
cross sectional area (CSA) - factors affecting drag
- linear relationship exists between CSA exposed to air and drag - increased CSA = increased drag
53
Speed - factors affecting drag
- faster moving ball means earlier boundary layer separation, which means larger pressure differential between front and rear of ball therefore resulting in more drag
54
Surface roughness - factors affecting drag
- rough surface creates turbulent flow, therefore less drag
55
Mass - factors affecting drag
- greater mass of the ball means a less effect of drag
56
Shape - factors affecting drag
- round ball results in laminar flow oval ball results in turbulent flow
57
environmental factors affecting drag
air density - higher altitude results in less drag - smaller object leads to a greater drag effect atmospheric pressure - increased pressure = increased density = increased drag humidity - increased humidity = increased density = increased drag temperature - increased temperature = decreased density = decreased drag
58
Bernoulli's principle
- the velocity of a fluid moving over an object is inversely proportional to the pressure on the object - high velocity = low pressure - low velocity = high pressure
59
Magnus effect
- Term used to describe the effect of rotation on an object’s path as it moves through a fluid - It applies Bernoulli's principle to explain the effect spin has on the trajectory or flight path of an object
60
biomechanical principles
balance coordination continuum force-motion force-time inertia optimal projection range of motion segmental interaction spin
61
coordination continuum - applies only to striking and throwing activities for distance
sequential approach to ensure maximum velocity transferred - maximise number of body segments involved by standing side on - sequentially accelerate each body segment - ensure big body parts move first and small body parts move last e.g. arms to wrist - follow through towards target to ensure safe dissipation of force
62
Balance
the ability of something to maintain or hold its position to increase stability - widen base of support, increase surface area with ground, lower centre of gravity
63
force - motion
an objects motion is affected by the magnitude and direction of external forces acting on it
64
force - time (impulse)
- a product of the force applied to an object or body, and the duration it is applied for
65
range of motion (ROM)
the extent or limit to which a part of the body can be moved around a joint or a fixed point, total movement joint is capable of
66
Optimal projection
- maximise velocity - maximise height of release - angle of release (45 degrees)
67
Spin
Through the application of back spin to the ball, it optimises the balls time in flight (result of magnus effect), therefore maximising distance achieved.

Phys Ed (4 decks)

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